{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T14:51:27Z","timestamp":1775141487150,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the availability of low-cost, mass-market dual-frequency GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers, standalone processing methods such as Precise Point Positioning (PPP) are no longer restricted to geodetic-grade GNSS equipment only. However, with cheaper equipment, data quality is expected to degrade. This same principle also affects low-cost GNSS antennas, which usually suffer from poorer multipath mitigation and higher antenna noise compared to their geodetic-grade counterparts. This work assesses the quality of a particular piece of low-cost GNSS equipment for real-time PPP and high-rate dynamic monitoring applications, such as strong-motion seismology. We assembled the u-blox ZED-F9P chip in a small and light-weight data logger. With observational data from static experiments\u2014which are processed under kinematic conditions\u2014we assess the precision and stability of the displacement estimates. We tested the impact of different multi-band antenna types, including geodetic medium-grade helical-type (JAVAD GrAnt-G3T), as well as a low-cost helical (Ardusimple AS-ANT2B-CAL) and a patch-type (u-blox ANN-MB) antenna. Besides static tests for the assessment of displacement precision, strong-motion dynamic ground movements are simulated with a robot arm. For cross-validation, we collected measurements with a JAVAD SIGMA G3T geodetic-grade receiver. In terms of precision, we cross-compare the results of three different dual-frequency, real-time PPP solutions: (1) an ambiguity-float solution using the Centre National d\u2019\u00c9tudes Spatiales (CNES) open-source software, (2) an ambiguity-float and an AR (ambiguity-resolved) solution using the raPPPid software from TU Vienna, and (3) and a PPP-RTK solution using the u-blox PointPerfect positioning service. We show that, even with low-cost GNSS equipment, it is possible to obtain a precision of one centimeter. We conclude that these devices provide an excellent basis for the densification of existing GNSS monitoring networks, as needed for strong-motion seismology and earthquake-early-warning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T22:45:29Z","timestamp":1665614729000},"page":"5100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Low-Cost GNSS and Real-Time PPP: Assessing the Precision of the u-blox ZED-F9P for Kinematic Monitoring Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Hohensinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Stauffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2351-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus Franz","family":"Glaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n Dar\u00edo","family":"Herrera Pinz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4438-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elie","family":"Vuadens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Seismological Service (SED), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Clinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Seismological Service (SED), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Rothacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montenbruck, O., Steigenberger, P., and Hauschild, A. 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