{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:42:15Z","timestamp":1775738535391,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EUropean Facility for Airborne Research (EUFAR)","award":["312609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312609"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soils are an essential factor contributing to the agricultural production of rainfed crops such as barley and triticale cereals. Changing environmental conditions and inadequate land management are endangering soil quality and productivity and, in turn, crop quality and productivity are affected. Advances in hyperspectral remote sensing are of great use for the spatial characterization and monitoring of the soil degradation status, as well as its impact on crop growth and agricultural productivity. In this study, hyperspectral airborne data covering the visible, near-infrared, short-wave infrared, and thermal infrared (VNIR\u2013SWIR\u2013TIR, 0.4\u201312 \u00b5m) were acquired in a Mediterranean agricultural area of central Spain and used to analyze the spatial differences in vegetation vitality and grain yield in relation to the soil degradation status. Specifically, leaf area index (LAI), crop water stress index (CWSI), and the biomass of the crop yield are derived from the remote sensing data and discussed regarding their spatial differences and relationship to a classification of erosion and accumulation stages (SEAS) based on previous remote sensing analyses during bare soil conditions. LAI and harvested crop biomass yield could be well estimated by PLS regression based on the hyperspectral and in situ reference data (R2 of 0.83, r of 0.91, and an RMSE of 0.2 m2 m\u22122 for LAI and an R2 of 0.85, r of 0.92, and an RMSE of 0.48 t ha\u22121 for grain yield). In addition, the soil erosion and accumulation stages (SEAS) were successfully predicted based on the canopy spectral signal of vegetated crop fields using a random forest machine learning approach. Overall accuracy was achieved above 71% by combining the VNIR\u2013SWIR\u2013TIR canopy reflectance and emissivity of the growing season with topographic information after reducing the redundancy in the spectral dataset. The results show that the estimated crop traits are spatially related to the soil\u2019s degradation status, with shallow and highly eroded soils, as well as sandy accumulation zones being associated with areas of low LAI, crop yield, and high crop water stress. Overall, the results of this study illustrate the enormous potential of imaging spectroscopy for a combined analysis of the plant-soil system in the frame of land and soil degradation monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"5131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Analyses of the Impact of Soil Conditions and Soil Degradation on Vegetation Vitality and Crop Productivity Based on Airborne Hyperspectral VNIR\u2013SWIR\u2013TIR Data in a Semi-Arid Rainfed Agricultural Area (Camarena, Central Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Milewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Center, Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientes y Tecnol\u00f3gicas, CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8600-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Chabrillat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Center, Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6852-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Sistemas de Teledetecci\u00f3n, INTA, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Escribano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Desertification and Geoecology, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental de Zonas \u00c1ridas, EEZA, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Pelayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientes y Tecnol\u00f3gicas, CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Ben-Dor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Human Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1097\/ss.0b013e31815cc498","article-title":"Soil Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate Climate Change and Advance Food Security","volume":"172","author":"Lal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-2-79-2016","article-title":"World\u2019s Soils Are under Threat","volume":"2","author":"Montanarella","year":"2016","journal-title":"SOIL"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-020-00984-z","article-title":"Global Vulnerability of Soil Ecosystems to Erosion","volume":"35","author":"Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. 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