{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:49:33Z","timestamp":1762300173587,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004508","name":"Prince of Songkla University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COR6202041S","2007\u20132024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COR6202041S","2007\u20132024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dutch NWO User Support Programme Space Research","award":["COR6202041S","2007\u20132024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COR6202041S","2007\u20132024"]}]},{"name":"Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)","award":["COR6202041S","2007\u20132024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COR6202041S","2007\u20132024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporal changes in vertical land motion (VLM) in and around Phuket Island in southern Thailand following the great 2004 Sumatra\u2013Andaman megathrust earthquake have impacted the relative sea-level change estimates based on tide-gauge (TG) records. To better monitor the VLM, two new continuous global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations have been installed in the past 5 years, situated on bedrock both near and at the Koh Taphao Noi Island TG in Phuket, which together with older global positioning system (GPS) data provides a clear insight in the VLM of Phuket Island from 1994 onward. In addition, satellite altimetry (SALT) data has been analyzed since 1992. The VLM (GPS) position and relative (TG) and absolute (SALT) sea-level change time series were successfully combined in pairs to validate each independent result (e.g., SALT \u2212 GNSS = TG): prior to the 2004 earthquake, the relative sea-level rise in Phuket was 1.0 \u00b1 0.7 mm\/yr, lower by 2.4 \u00b1 0.2 mm\/yr than the absolute sea-level rise caused by VLM. After the earthquake, nonlinear post-seismic subsidence has caused the VLM to drop by 10 cm in the past 17 years, resulting, by the end of 2020, in a relative sea-level rise by up to 16 cm. During the same period, other TG stations in south Thailand recorded similar sea-level increases. Combination with SALT further suggests that, prior to 2005, uplift (5.3 \u00b1 1.4 mm\/yr) of the coastal region of Ranong (north of Phuket) resulted in a relative sea-level fall, but since then, post-seismic-induced negative VLM may have significantly increased coastal erosion along the entire Andaman Sea coastline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"5145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monitoring Megathrust-Earthquake-Cycle-Induced Relative Sea-Level Changes near Phuket, South Thailand, Using (Space) Geodetic Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marc C.","family":"Naeije","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TUDelft), 2622 HS Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim J. F.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TUDelft), 2622 HS Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5108-2910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siriporn","family":"Pradit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Marine and Coastal Resources Institution (MACORIN), Prince of Songkla University, Songkla 90110, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Sommart","family":"Niemnil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Thai Naval Academy (RTNA), Samut Prakan 10270, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Nalinee","family":"Thongtham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecologist Consultant for the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR), Bangkok 10210, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7196-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad A.","family":"Mustafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TUDelft), 2622 HS Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre of Studies for Surveying and Geomatics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2913-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakrit","family":"Noppradit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Marine and Coastal Resources Institution (MACORIN), Prince of Songkla University, Songkla 90110, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01601","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021391","article-title":"Coastal and global averaged sea level rise for 1950 to 2000","volume":"32","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. 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