{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:53:44Z","timestamp":1762782824568,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart noise jamming forms active jamming by intercepting, modulating, and forwarding radar signals into the radar receiver, which seriously affects the radar range recovery performance. In this paper, we propose a novel waveform design approach and an efficient range recovery method for high-resolution radar in the jamming scenario. Firstly, we propose an intra-pulse frequency-coded frequency-modulated continuous waveform (IPFC-FMCW), which contains multiple FMCW chips with different widths and frequencies, to combat the smart noise jamming. After the jamming suppression, the proposed waveform has a low sidelobe level, which is different from traditional FMCW signals for which the observations are periodically missing, resulting in high sidelobe levels. Then, to improve the range recovery performance of the waveform after jamming suppression, we optimize the range profile by designing the transmit waveform and then solve it by a simulated annealing algorithm. Next, based on the designed waveform, we derive the echo model after jamming suppression and propose a gridless compressed sensing (CS) method to recover the range of the targets. Compared with the existing waveforms and methods, the proposed waveform and the processing method achieve better range recovery performance in the jamming scenario. Numerical simulations are utilized to demonstrate the range recovery effectiveness of the proposed waveform and method in smart noise jamming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"5149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intra-Pulse Frequency Coding Design for a High-Resolution Radar against Smart Noise Jamming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1135-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongyan","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingyou","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2980149","article-title":"Bayesian High Resolution Range Profile Reconstruction of High-Speed Moving Target From Under-Sampled Data","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2949367","article-title":"Joint Angle and Range Estimation With Signal Clustering in FMCW Radar","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2021.103212","article-title":"A novel radar target recognition method for open and imbalanced high-resolution range profile","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"11","article-title":"High-Resolution Imaging for Impulse-Based Forward-Looking Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"5","author":"Ojowu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"267","article-title":"Wideband radar for ballistic missile defense and range-Doppler imaging of satellites","volume":"12","author":"Camp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Linc. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2897014","article-title":"Phase compensation and image autofocusing for randomized stepped frequency ISAR","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"6055","article-title":"Wideband sparse reconstruction for scanning radar","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3126206","article-title":"Joint Range and Angle Estimation for Wideband Forward-Looking Imaging Radar","volume":"22","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2439","article-title":"Forward-looking imaging based on alternating descent conditional gradient","volume":"43","author":"Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2007.909108","article-title":"Signal recovery from partial information via orthogonal matching pursuit","volume":"53","author":"Tropp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2037526","article-title":"Sparsity and Compressed Sensing in Radar Imaging","volume":"98","author":"Potter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2014.0454","article-title":"High resolution range profile of compressive sensing radar with low computational complexity","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.2997345","article-title":"An antideceptive jamming method for multistatic synthetic aperture radar based on collaborative localization and spatial suppression","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"753","article-title":"A Review of Synthetic Aperture Radar Jamming Technique","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9194","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2925004","article-title":"Technique to Counter Improved Active Echo Cancellation Based on ISRJ With Frequency Shifting","volume":"19","author":"Hanbali","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"898","article-title":"Fake SAR Signal Generation Method Based on Noise Convolution Modulation","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, H., Zeng, D., and Ge, P. (2015, January 18\u201320). Research on the method of smart noise jamming on pulse radar. Proceedings of the 2015 Fifth International Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control (IMCCC), Qinhuangdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCCC.2015.287"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Shi, F., and Liu, Q. (2016, January 10\u201313). Research on parameters estimation and suppression for C&I jamming. Proceedings of the 2016 CIE International Conference on Radar (RADAR), Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.8059169"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.5658","article-title":"Band pass filter design against interrupted-sampling repeater jamming based on time-frequency analysis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6759169","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6759169","article-title":"A method against interrupted-sampling repeater jamming based on energy function detection and band-pass filtering","volume":"2017","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, J., Fu, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, N., and Zhang, Y. (2014, January 20\u201321). Adaptive suppression method of radar jamming in joint time frequency domain. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Technology and Electronic Commerce, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITEC.2014.7105604"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anti-interrupted Sampling Repeater Jamming Method for Interpulse and Intrapulse Frequency-agile Radar","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1049\/sil2.12066","article-title":"Optimal design of anti-interrupted sampling repeater jamming waveform for missile-borne radar based on an improved genetic algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2022.108510","article-title":"Anti-jamming pulse diversity phase coded waveform design based on periodic ambiguity function shaping","volume":"196","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2953305","article-title":"Phase-coded FMCW automotive radar: System design and interference mitigation","volume":"69","author":"Uysal","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2021.3118219","article-title":"FRaC: FMCW-Based Joint Radar-Communications System Via Index Modulation","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9056","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2982194","article-title":"Main-beam range deceptive jamming suppression with simulated annealing FDA-MIMO radar","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5310326","article-title":"Orthogonal Discrete Frequency-Coding Waveform Set Design with Minimized Autocorrelation Sidelobes","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qazi, F.A., and Fam, A.T. (2014, January 19\u201323). Discrete Frequency-Coding Waveform sets based on Piecewise Linear FM. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Radar Conference, Cincinnati, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2014.6875637"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1966.4890","article-title":"Doppler-tolerant signal waveforms","volume":"54","author":"Rihaczek","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Richards, M.A. (2014). Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/7.670330","article-title":"Joint time-frequency transform for radar range-Doppler imaging","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2346478","article-title":"MIMO SAR OFDM chirp waveform diversity design with random matrix modulation","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2628914","article-title":"Automotive radars: A review of signal processing techniques","volume":"34","author":"Patole","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1109\/TCI.2017.2699425","article-title":"Super-resolution image reconstruction for high-density three-dimensional single-molecule microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1109\/78.134484","article-title":"A compact Cramer-Rao bound expression for parametric estimation of superimposed signals","volume":"40","author":"Yau","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melino, R., Kodituwakku, S., and Tran, H.T. (2015, January 27\u201330). Orthogonal matching pursuit and matched filter techniques for the imaging of rotating blades. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Radar Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf.2015.7411844"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:28Z","timestamp":1760144068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14205149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14205149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}