{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:54:52Z","timestamp":1775760892814,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Ten Thousand Talent Program in China","award":["91320191MA26A48Q5X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91320191MA26A48Q5X"]}]},{"name":"Nanjing Taixin Co., Ltd.","award":["91320191MA26A48Q5X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91320191MA26A48Q5X"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A micro-pulse lidar system incorporating differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL) is proposed and demonstrated. Due to the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD), the DIAL channel achieves high sensitivity in CO2 measurement. Meanwhile, the CDWL channel is used to obtain the horizontal wind field. In the process of the optimization and calibration of the DIAL receiver, specifically, mode scrambling and temperature control of the connecting fiber between the telescope and the SNSPD enhance the stability and robustness of the system. Horizontal scanning of the CO2 concentration and the wind field is carried out in a 6 km range over a scanning span of 60\u00b0 with a radial resolution of 150 m and 15 s. The results show that the hybrid lidar system captures the spatial distribution of CO2 concentration and the wind field simultaneously. The horizontal net CO2 flux in a radius of 6 km is estimated by integrating the CO2 concentration and the wind transport vector, indicating different characteristics of horizontal net CO2 fluxes in an industrial area, a university campus, and a park. During most of the experiment, CO2 flux remained positive in the industrial area, but balances fell to nearly zero on the campus and in the park. The horizontal net fluxes averaged over 24 h in the three areas are 3.5 \u00d7 105 ppm\u00b7m2\u00b7s\u22121, 0.7 \u00d7 105 ppm\u00b7m2\u00b7s\u22121, and 0.1 \u00d7 105 ppm\u00b7m2\u00b7s\u22121.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"5150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Local-Scale Horizontal CO2 Flux Estimation Incorporating Differential Absorption Lidar and Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Saifen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Nanjing Taixin Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211899, China"}]},{"given":"Manyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Tianwen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Nanjing Taixin Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211899, China"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Nanjing Taixin Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211899, China"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Taixin Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211899, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanjian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5542-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Nanjing Taixin Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211899, China"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5376.504a","article-title":"Coming to Grips with the World\u2019s Greenhouse Gases","volume":"281","author":"Schmidt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v51i4.16495","article-title":"The Annual FCO2 Cycle and the Air\u2019sea CO2 Flux in the Sub-Antarctic Ocean","volume":"51","author":"Metzl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. 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