{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T20:28:19Z","timestamp":1768422499362,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72104130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72033005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72033005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0502802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0502802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72104130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72104130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72033005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72033005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0502802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0502802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural and socioeconomic variables have an impact on ecosystem services (ESs). The ESs trade-offs\/synergies are informed by the reality that the same inputs have varying impacts on different ESs. Changing scales and time can alter dominant drivers and biophysical linkages of ESs, affecting their relationships. Although it is often assumed that ES relationships vary across scales, quantitatively testing this assumption with multiple ES is rare. Therefore, this study evaluated the five key ESs in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) from 1990 to 2015. We also employed a statistical approach to investigate the temporal variations, scale dependency, and spatial heterogeneity of ES trade-offs and synergies. The results demonstrated that: (1) The PRD\u2019s synergetic interaction among ESs has been steadily improving over time; (2) The interaction between ESs dramatically altered as the research scale increased; (3) We discovered that the linkages among the soil conservation (SC), carbon sequestration (CS), water yield (WY), and habitat quality (HQ) were primarily synergistic. ESs of SC, CS, WY, and HQ were found to have negative correlations with grain production. This study will strengthen the understanding of the temporal changes and spatial scales of ESs relationships for decision-makers, which is beneficial to ecosystem management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"5173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Scale Effects and Time Variation of Trade-Offs and Synergies among Ecosystem Services in the Pearl River Delta, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9199-9678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China"}]},{"given":"Jinyan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}]},{"given":"Chengxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China"}]},{"given":"Michael Asiedu","family":"Asiedu Kumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Manman","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jining Water Conservancy Development Center, Jining 272000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brondizio, E.S., Settele, J., D\u00edaz, S., and Ngo, H.T. 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