{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:22:22Z","timestamp":1775704942384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52201403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52201401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52071200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52102397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52102397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2801002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2801002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M700790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M700790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M712027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A2022003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2022003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTS2021-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTS2021-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHHY2021002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHHY2021002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52201403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52201401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52071200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52102397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52102397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2801002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2801002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M700790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M700790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M712027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A2022003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2022003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTS2021-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTS2021-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Programa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHHY2021002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHHY2021002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52201403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52201401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52071200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52102397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52102397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2801002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2801002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M700790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M700790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M712027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A2022003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2022003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTS2021-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTS2021-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHHY2021002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHHY2021002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["52201403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201403"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["52201401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201401"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["52071200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071200"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["52102397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52102397"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["2021YFC2801002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2801002"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["2021M700790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M700790"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["2022M712027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712027"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["A2022003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2022003"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["TTS2021-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTS2021-05"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety","award":["NHHY2021002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHHY2021002"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["52201403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201403"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["52201401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201401"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["52071200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071200"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["52102397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52102397"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["2021YFC2801002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2801002"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["2021M700790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M700790"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["2022M712027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712027"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["A2022003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2022003"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["TTS2021-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTS2021-05"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Jiangsu key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security","award":["NHHY2021002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHHY2021002"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["52201403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201403"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["52201401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201401"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["52071200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071200"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["52102397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52102397"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["2021YFC2801002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2801002"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["2021M700790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M700790"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["2022M712027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712027"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["A2022003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2022003"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["TTS2021-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTS2021-05"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","award":["NHHY2021002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHHY2021002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After the occurrence of a maritime disaster, to save human life and search for important property equipment in the first time, it is indispensable to efficiently transmit search and rescue sea area data to the maritime search and rescue command center (MSRCC) in real-time, so that the MSRCC can make timely and accurate decisions. The key to determining the efficiency of data forwarding is the quality of the routing protocol. Due to the high dynamics of the marine environment and the limited energy of the marine node, the coverage hole and routing path failure problems occur frequently when using the existing routing algorithm for marine data forwarding. Based on the above background, in this work, we study a low-latency and energy-efficient opportunistic routing protocol for maritime search and rescue wireless sensor networks (MSR-WSNs). Considering the adverse impact of wave shadowing on signal transmission, an effective link reliability prediction method is first investigated to quantify the link connectivity among nodes. To mitigate the end-to-end time delay, an optimal expected packet advancement is then derived by combining link con-nectivity with geographic progress threshold \u03b8. After that, based on the link connectivity between marine nodes, the optimal expected packet advancement prediction, the distance from the sensing nodes to the sink, and the remaining energy distribution of the nodes, the priority of candidate nodes is calculated and sorted in descending order. Finally, timer-based coordination algorithm is adopted to perform the marine data packet forwarding so as to avoid packet conflict. Computer simulation results demonstrate that compared with benchmark algorithms, the data packet delivery ratio, the delay performance and the average node energy consumption (the average node speed is 20 m\/s) of the proposed opportunistic routing protocol are improved by more than 21.4%, 39.2% and 18.1%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"5178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Low-Delay and Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Routing for Maritime Search and Rescue Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5141-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangfeng","family":"Xian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3150-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huafeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1831-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8959-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2021.108150","article-title":"A Review of Robust Distributed Estimation Strategies over Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"188","author":"Modalavalasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.01.002","article-title":"Efficient Target Detection in Maritime Search and Rescue Wireless Sensor Network Using Data Fusion","volume":"136","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2017.09.013","article-title":"A Novel Cooperative Localization Algorithm Using Enhanced Particle Filter Technique in Maritime Search and Rescue Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.06.021","article-title":"Prediction Based Opportunistic Routing for Maritime Search and Rescue Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"111","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.06.034","article-title":"NMTLAT: A New Robust Mobile Multi-Target Localization and Tracking Scheme in Marine Search and Rescue Wireless Sensor Networks under Byzantine Attack","volume":"160","author":"Xian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8173","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3042901","article-title":"Anypath Routing Protocol Design via Q-Learning for Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2917193","article-title":"Centralized Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol for Mobile Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2410592","article-title":"E 2 R 2: Energy-Efficient and Reliable Routing for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"10","author":"Sarma","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102301","article-title":"Dynamic Directional Routing for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"110","author":"Almesaeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, M., Li, T., Khan, Z., Khurshid, F., and Ahmad, M. (2018). A Novel Connectivity-Based LEACH-MEEC Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124278"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2011.0696","article-title":"Reliable Location-Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"6","author":"Karim","year":"2012","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909618","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2909618","article-title":"SALMA: An Efficient State-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Mobile Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Umar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6628226","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6628226","article-title":"Rbm: Region-Based Mobile Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"2021","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.02.006","article-title":"Energy Aware Cluster Based Multi-Hop Energy Efficient Routing Protocol Using Multiple Mobile Nodes (MEACBM) in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"102","author":"Toor","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2411335","article-title":"A Survey on Opportunistic Routing in Wireless Communication Networks","volume":"17","author":"Chakchouk","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3069117","article-title":"OMUS: Efficient Opportunistic Routing in Multi-Modal Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"20","author":"Coutinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7402259","article-title":"Design Guidelines for Opportunistic Routing in Underwater Networks","volume":"54","author":"Coutinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100346","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992759","article-title":"Reliable Path Selection and Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"8","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3008178","article-title":"Optimal Cooperative Relaying and Power Control for IoUT Networks with Reinforcement Learning","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Z., Lin, X., and Sun, J. (2019, January 6\u20138). A Cluster-Based Adaptive Routing Algorithm for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Automation and Systems (ICICAS), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICAS48597.2019.00072"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2423677","article-title":"Geographic and Opportunistic Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"65","author":"Coutinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2891910","article-title":"Distance-Vector-Based Opportunistic Routing for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","volume":"6","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27650","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3058600","article-title":"GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Karim","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, D., Lun, G., Xue, R., and Sun, Y. (2021). Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing for Sparse Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093205"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3058282","article-title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13589","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3175994","article-title":"A Reinforcement-Learning-Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Energy-Efficient and Void-Avoided UASNs","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2729557","article-title":"Optimizing Opportunistic Routing in Asynchronous Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.02.016","article-title":"A Multi-Aware Query Driven (MAQD) Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Neuro-Fuzzy Inference","volume":"88","author":"Saleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.09.039","article-title":"Ant Colony Optimization Based Enhanced Dynamic Source Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network","volume":"295","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2756035","article-title":"Distributed Joint Optimization Routing Algorithm Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2865485","article-title":"LORA: Load-Balanced Opportunistic Routing for Asynchronous Duty-Cycled WSN","volume":"18","author":"Hawbani","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463321000540","article-title":"Ship Detection from Coastal Surveillance Videos via an Ensemble Canny-Gaussian-Morphology Framework","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, X., Wu, H., Xian, J., Chen, B., Zhang, H., and Liu, X. (2019). A Robust, Non-Cooperative Localization Algorithm in the Presence of Outlier Measurements in Ocean Sensor Networks. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122708"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3193579","article-title":"Range Difference-Based Target Localization under Stratification Effect and NLOS Bias in UWSNs","volume":"11","author":"Mei","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9114","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3153629","article-title":"Unknown Transmit Power RSSD-Based Localization in a Gaussian Mixture Channel","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, X., Han, D., Saeed, N., Wu, H., Chang, C.-C., Han, B., Ma, T., and Xian, J. (2022). Trajectory Optimization of Autonomous Surface Vehicles with Outliers for Underwater Target Localization. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174343"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:24Z","timestamp":1760144124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14205178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14205178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}