{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T06:26:20Z","timestamp":1778307980188,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LDSE202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDSE202005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["860-000002112127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860-000002112127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Opening Fund of the Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration","award":["42004099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004099"]}]},{"name":"Opening Fund of the Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration","award":["LDSE202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDSE202005"]}]},{"name":"Opening Fund of the Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration","award":["860-000002112127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860-000002112127"]}]},{"name":"Opening Fund of the Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration","award":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"]}]},{"name":"Opening Fund of the Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration","award":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"]}]},{"name":"Young Teachers Startup Fund of Shenzhen University","award":["42004099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004099"]}]},{"name":"Young Teachers Startup Fund of Shenzhen University","award":["LDSE202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDSE202005"]}]},{"name":"Young Teachers Startup Fund of Shenzhen University","award":["860-000002112127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860-000002112127"]}]},{"name":"Young Teachers Startup Fund of Shenzhen University","award":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"]}]},{"name":"Young Teachers Startup Fund of Shenzhen University","award":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Shanghai Institute of Aerospace System Engineering","award":["42004099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004099"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Shanghai Institute of Aerospace System Engineering","award":["LDSE202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDSE202005"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Shanghai Institute of Aerospace System Engineering","award":["860-000002112127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860-000002112127"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Shanghai Institute of Aerospace System Engineering","award":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Shanghai Institute of Aerospace System Engineering","award":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Municipal Government Investment Project","award":["42004099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004099"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Municipal Government Investment Project","award":["LDSE202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDSE202005"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Municipal Government Investment Project","award":["860-000002112127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860-000002112127"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Municipal Government Investment Project","award":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ_YY_SYF_JY200275"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Municipal Government Investment Project","award":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2106-440300-04-03-901272"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Chinese Chang\u2019E-5 probe landed in the Mons R\u00fcmker of Oceanus Procellarum on the near side of the Moon. The lunar regolith penetrating radar (LRPR) carried by the Chang\u2019E-5 probe allows for the determination of in situ lunar regolith dielectric properties, which are probably related to the age and chemical composition of the regolith. In this paper, we analyze the Chang\u2019E-5 LRPR data with the frequency shift method to estimate the loss tangent of the lunar regolith within a depth of \u223c2.8 m. The loss tangent of the Chang\u2019E-5 landing site is constrained to be 0.0148 \u00b1 0.0016, which is substantially higher than that of the typical lunar regolith. The high loss tangent is found to be characteristic of the young basalt age (\u223c2.0 Ga) and high TiO2+FeO content (28.21 \u00b1 1.57%) of the Chang\u2019E-5 landing site. Integrated analysis of results from Chang\u2019E-3, Chang\u2019E-4, and Chang\u2019E-5 show that the younger is the geologic age of the mare unit, the greater is the loss tangent of the lunar regolith, and the weaker is the radar electromagnetic signal penetrating ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1666053061000},"page":"5189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation Characteristics in the Lunar Regolith Observed by the Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar (LRPR) Onboard the Chang\u2019E-5 Lander"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9405-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advance Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Space and Earth Interdisciplinary Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-2333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhonghan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advance Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6913-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Earth Interdisciplinary Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Earth Interdisciplinary Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 54th Research Institute of China Electronic Technology Corporation (CETC), Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Earth Interdisciplinary Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0817-2742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5428-9853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space and Earth Interdisciplinary Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"228","article-title":"A review of application of radar-detection techniques in lunar exploration","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Astron. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Progress of China\u2019s Lunar Exploration (2011\u20132020)","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"H\u00f6rz, F., Grieve, R., Heiken, G., Spudis, P., and Binder, A. (1991). Lunar surface processes. Lunar Source Book: A User\u2019s Guide to the Moon, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Carrier, W.D., Olhoeft, G.R., and Mendell, W. (1991). Physical properties of the lunar surface. Lunar Source Book: A User\u2019s Guide to the Moon, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5867","DOI":"10.1029\/JB074i025p05867","article-title":"Electrical properties of rocks and their significance for lunar radar observations","volume":"74","author":"Campbell","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.12.005","article-title":"Dielectric properties estimation of the lunar regolith at CE-3 landing site using lunar penetrating radar data","volume":"284","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2020.114280","article-title":"Hyperbolic reflectors determined from peak echoes of ground penetrating radar","volume":"358","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay6898","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay6898","article-title":"The Moon\u2019s farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang\u2019E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JE006917","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JE006917","article-title":"Rock Fragments in Shallow Lunar Regolith: Constraints by the Lunar Penetrating Radar Onboard the Chang\u2019E-4 Mission","volume":"126","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pommerol, A., Kofman, W., Audouard, J., Grima, C., Beck, P., Mouginot, J., Herique, A., Kumamoto, A., Kobayashi, T., and Ono, T. (2010). Detectability of subsurface interfaces in lunar maria by the LRS\/SELENE sounding radar: Influence of mineralogical composition. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041681"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/17\/5\/46","article-title":"The penetrating depth analysis of Lunar Penetrating Radar onboard Chang\u2019E-3 rover","volume":"17","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1999.6184","article-title":"Multispectral photometry of the moon and absolute calibration of the clementine UV\/Vis camera","volume":"141","author":"Hillier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.06.013","article-title":"Lunar mare TiO2 abundances estimated from UV\/Vis reflectance","volume":"296","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/14\/12\/009","article-title":"Lunar Penetrating Radar onboard the Chang\u2019E-3 mission","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/14\/12\/010","article-title":"Data processing and initial results of Chang\u2019E-3 lunar penetrating radar","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.02.001","article-title":"Ground experiments of Chang\u2019E-5 lunar regolith penetrating radar","volume":"63","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Yutu-2 radar sounding evidence of a buried crater at Chang\u2019E-4 landing site","volume":"60","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Su, Y., Ding, C., Dai, S., Liu, C., Zhang, Z., Hong, T., Zhang, Q., and Li, C. (2021). A Novel Approach for Permittivity Estimation of Lunar Regolith Using the Lunar Penetrating Radar Onboard Chang\u2019E-4 Rover. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183679"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulaby, F.T., Long, D.G., Blackwell, W.J., Elachi, C., Fung, A.K., Ruf, C., Sarabandi, K., Zebker, H.A., and Van Zyl, J. (2014). Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing, University of Michigan Press.","DOI":"10.3998\/0472119356"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JE005232","article-title":"Radar sounding of Lucus Planum, Mars, by MARSIS","volume":"122","author":"Orosei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"McKay, D.S., Heiken, G., Basu, A., Blanford, G., Simon, S., Reedy, R., French, B.M., and Papike, J. (1991). The lunar regolith. Lunar Source Book: A User\u2019s Guide to the Moon, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-020-00340-4","article-title":"Compositional variations along the route of Chang\u2019E-3 Yutu rover revealed by the lunar penetrating radar","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Strangway, D., Pearce, G., and Olhoeft, G. Magnetic and dielectric properties of lunar samples. In Sov.-Amer. Conf. Cosmochem. Moon Planets. pp. 417\u2013431."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(98)00024-X","article-title":"Radar attenuation tomography using the centroid frequency downshift method","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1581068","article-title":"Removal of wavelet dispersion from ground-penetrating radar data","volume":"68","author":"Irving","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwab188","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab188","article-title":"Characteristics of the lunar samples returned by the Chang\u2019E-5 mission","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114480","article-title":"Geology of the Chang\u2019E-5 landing site: Constraints on the sources of samples returned from a young nearside mare","volume":"364","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04100-2","article-title":"Two-billion-year-old volcanism on the Moon from Chang\u2019E-5 basalts","volume":"600","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl7957","article-title":"Age and composition of young basalts on the Moon, measured from samples returned by Chang\u2019E-5","volume":"374","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JE005820","article-title":"Rock abundance and crater density in the candidate Chang\u2019E-5 landing region on the Moon","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyperfine Structure of Regolith Unveiled by Chang\u2019E-5 Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar","volume":"60","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2021.116855","article-title":"China\u2019s Chang\u2019E-5 landing site: Geology, stratigraphy, and provenance of materials","volume":"561","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(73)90162-3","article-title":"Radial thickness variation in impact crater ejecta: Implications for lunar basin deposits","volume":"20","author":"McGetchin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1029\/GL001i007p00291","article-title":"Depth\/diameter relations of fresh lunar craters: Revision from spacecraft data","volume":"1","author":"Pike","year":"1974","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, J., Siegler, M.A., and White, M.N. (2022). Shallow Regolith Structure and Obstructions Detected by Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar at Chang\u2019E-5 Drilling Site. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143378"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.12.012","article-title":"Performance verification of lunar regolith penetrating array radar of Chang\u2019E-5 mission","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2019.01.008","article-title":"An imaging method for Chang\u2019E-5 Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar","volume":"167","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1444197","article-title":"Seismic attenuation tomography using the frequency shift method","volume":"62","author":"Quan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JE005192","article-title":"Electromagnetic signal penetration in a planetary soil simulant: Estimated attenuation rates using GPR and TDR in volcanic deposits on Mount Etna","volume":"122","author":"Lauro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Planets"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259866","article-title":"A young multilayered terrane of the northern Mare Imbrium revealed by Chang\u2019E-3 mission","volume":"347","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-015-0655-3","article-title":"Subsurface structures at the Chang\u2019E-3 landing site: Interpretations from orbital and in-situ imagery data","volume":"27","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Melosh, H.J. (1989). Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process, Oxford University Press. Oxford 511 Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, No. 11."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"3195","article-title":"Petrology of Apollo 17 deep drill core. I-Depositional history based on modal analyses of 70009, 70008, and 70007","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"4062","article-title":"Experimental hypervelocity impact into quartz sand: Distribution and shock metamorphism of ejecta","volume":"80","author":"Gault","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. (1896\u20131977)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JE004604","article-title":"Regolith thickness over Sinus Iridum: Results from morphology and size-frequency distribution of small impact craters","volume":"119","author":"Fa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Planets"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019EA000862","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EA000862","article-title":"Layering Structures in the Porous Material Beneath the Chang\u2019E-3 Landing Site","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10179","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL066537","article-title":"Regolith stratigraphy at the Chang\u2019E-3 landing site as seen by lunar penetrating radar","volume":"42","author":"Fa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JE004523","article-title":"Outcrops on lunar crater rims: Implications for rim construction mechanisms, ejecta volumes and excavation depths","volume":"119","author":"Sharpton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"19","article-title":"An Updated Constraint on the local stratigraphy at the Chang\u2019E-4 landing site","volume":"5","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JE005577","article-title":"Geological characteristics of Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater, northwestern south pole-Aitken Basin: Chang\u2019E-4 landing site region","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.07.023","article-title":"Lunar farside volcanism in and around the South Pole\u2013Aitken basin","volume":"299","author":"Pasckert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL090935","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090935","article-title":"Ejecta From the Orientale Basin at the Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Boivin, A., Tsai, C.A., Hickson, D., Ghent, R., and Daly, M. (2015, January 16\u201320). Preliminary Broadband Measurements of Dielectric Permittivity of Planetary Regolith Analog Materials Using a Coaxial Transmission Line. Proceedings of the 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A43","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142803","article-title":"Yutu-2 radar observation of the lunar regolith heterogeneity at the Chang\u2019E-4 landing site","volume":"664","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JE004778","article-title":"Lunar central peak mineralogy and iron content using the Kaguya Multiband Imager: Reassessment of the compositional structure of the lunar crust","volume":"120","author":"Lemelin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04119-5","article-title":"Non-KREEP origin for Chang\u2019E-5 basalts in the Procellarum KREEP Terrane","volume":"600","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.01.010","article-title":"Regolith thickness over the lunar nearside: Results from Earth-based 70-cm Arecibo radar observations","volume":"218","author":"Fa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8880","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9880","article-title":"Correlated compositional and mineralogical investigations at the Chang\u2019E-3 landing site","volume":"6","author":"Ling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93694-8","article-title":"Mineralogical and chemical properties inversed from 21-lunar-day VNIS observations taken during the Chang\u2019E-4 mission","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.12.028","article-title":"Timing and characteristics of the latest mare eruption on the Moon","volume":"302","author":"Morota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163382","article-title":"Long-lived volcanism on the lunar farside revealed by SELENE Terrain Camera","volume":"323","author":"Haruyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Liu, Y., and Jia, Y. (2019, January 18\u201322). Overview of China\u2019s Upcoming Chang\u2019E Series and the Scientific Objectives and Payloads for Chang\u2019E 7 Mission. Proceedings of the 51th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"105","article-title":"High resolution radar real-time signal and information processing","volume":"16","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1029\/RG014i002p00265","article-title":"Lunar volcanism in space and time","volume":"14","author":"Head","year":"1976","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggt528","article-title":"Two-dimensional permittivity and conductivity imaging by full waveform inversion of multioffset GPR data: A frequency-domain quasi-Newton approach","volume":"197","author":"Brossier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5189\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:42Z","timestamp":1760144142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14205189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14205189","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}