{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:09:08Z","timestamp":1766390948583,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multibeam echo sounders (MBES), side-scan sonars (SSS), and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are irreplaceable devices in contemporary hydrographic works. However, a highly reliable method of identifying detected wrecks is visual inspection through diving surveys. During underwater research, it is sometimes hard to obtain images in turbid water. Moreover, on-site diving operations are time-consuming and expensive. This article presents the results of the remote sensing surveys that were carried out at the site of a newly discovered wreck, in the southern part of the Baltic Sea (Poland). Remote sensing techniques can quickly provide a detailed overview of the wreckage area and thus considerably reduce the time required for ground truthing. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the process of identification of a wreck based on acoustic data, without involving a team of divers. The findings, in conjunction with the collected archival documentation, allowed for the identification of the wreck of a Junkers Ju-88, a bomber from World War II.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1666053061000},"page":"5195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Application of Remote Sensing Techniques to Identification of Underwater Airplane Wreck in Shallow Water Environment: Case Study of the Baltic Sea, Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Grz\u0105dziel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Navigation and Hydrography, Faculty of Navigation and Naval Weapons, Polish Naval Academy, 81-127 Gdynia, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, August 13). UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000152883."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Shipwrecks (2022, January 26). Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration. Available online: https:\/\/www.engineeringfordiscovery.org\/education\/shipwrecks\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Vald\u00e9s, L., Crago, M., Enevoldsen, H., Garcia, H.E., Horn, L., Inaba, K., Inniss, L., Isensee, K., Keeley, B., and Mees, J. (2017). Global Ocean Science Report\u2014The Current Status of Ocean Science around the World, UNESCO Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/gosr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, L., Jakobsson, M., Allen, G., Dorschel, B., Falconer, R., Ferrini, V., Lamarche, G., Snaith, H., and Weatherall, P. (2018). The Nippon Foundation\u2014GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project: The Quest to See the World\u2019s Oceans Completely Mapped by 2030. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8020063"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koutsi, D., and Stratigea, A. (2019). Unburying Hidden Land and Maritime Cultural Potential of Small Islands in The Mediterranean for Tracking Heritage-Led Local Development Paths. Heritage, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage2010062"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argyropoulos, V., and Stratigea, A. (2019). Sustainable Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage: The Route from Discovery to Engagement\u2014Open Issues in The Mediterranean. Heritage, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage2020098"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Hac, B., and Sarna, O. (2021). General Methodology of Oil Removal Operations on Baltic Shipwrecks, The MARE Foundation. Available online: http:\/\/fundacjamare.pl\/file\/repository\/2021_MARE_METODYKA_oczyszczania_wrakow_RAPORT_pl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, June 14). Counteracting the Threats Resulting from the Deposit of Hazardous Materials on the Baltic Sea [in Polish]. Information on the inspection results. Registration number: 192\/2019\/P\/19\/068\/LGD. Supreme Chamber of Control, Branch office in Gda\u0144sk. Warsaw 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.nik.gov.pl\/kontrole\/P\/19\/068\/."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"183","article-title":"The study of an ancient shipwreck using marine remote sensing techniques, in Kefalonia Island (Ionian Sea), Greece","volume":"12","author":"Geraga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archaeol. Mariti. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-9270.2010.00298.x","article-title":"Geophysical Methods for Wreck-Site Monitoring: The Rapid Archaeological Site Surveying and Evaluation (RASSE) programme","volume":"40","author":"Bates","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Naut. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Analysis of the Pollution of the Baltic Sea, with Particular Emphasis on Ships Sunk during World War I and II. Information on Pollution Action Taken by the European Parliament, the Helsinki Commission and Other Governments [in Polish]. Opinions and Expertise OE-364, Analysis, Documentation and Correspondence Office. Chancellery of the Senate, Warsaw 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.senat.gov.pl\/gfx\/senat\/pl\/senatekspertyzy\/6049\/plik\/oe-364.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Krzymi\u0144ski, W. (2021, November 11). Initial Assessment of the Marine Water Environment of the Polish Baltic Sea Zone [In Polish]\u2014Report to the European Commission of the Marine Branch IMGW-PIB in Gdynia, Available online: http:\/\/www.gios.gov.pl\/bip\/zalaczniki\/konsultacje_spoleczne\/folder_C\/wstepna_ocena_stanu_srodowiska_wod_morskich_wyniki_konsultacji_i_uzgodnien.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Poleszak, S. (2005). Wrecks of the Baltic Sea. A Guide for Divers, Oficyna Wydawnicza Eliza Poleszak. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"172","article-title":"Retrieval activities on the Franken shipwreck","volume":"33","author":"Hac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Marit. Inst. Gda\u0144sk"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Megrey, B.A., and Moksness, E. (2009). Remote Sensing. Computers in Fisheries Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8636-6"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.028","article-title":"The value of remote sensing techniques in supporting effective extrapolation across multiple marine spatial scales","volume":"116","author":"Strong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unninayar, S., and Olsen, L.M. (2008). Monitoring, observations, and remote sensing\u2014Global dimensions. Encyclopedia of Ecology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008045405-4.00749-7"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Rindfuss, R.R., and Stern, P.C. (1998). Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science: The Need and the New Challenges. People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-005-0267-x","article-title":"Frontiers in Seafloor Mapping and Visualization","volume":"27","author":"Mayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaida, T.C., Mohammadloo, T.H., Snellen, M., and Simons, D.G. (2020). Mapping the Seabed and Shallow Subsurface with Multi-Frequency Multibeam Echosounders. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010052"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"IHO\u2014International Hydrographic Organization (2020). S-44: IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys. Special Publication No. 44\u20146.0.0. ed., International Hydrographic Bureau. Available online: https:\/\/iho.int\/uploads\/user\/pubs\/standards\/s-44\/S-44_Edition_6.0.0_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ed, A., Portell, J., Amblas, D., de Cabrera, F., Vil\u00e0, M., Riba, J., and Mitchell, G. (2022). Compression of Multibeam Echosounders Bathymetry and Water Column Data. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092063"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadloo, T.H., Geen, M., Sewada, J.S., Snellen, M., and Simons, D.G. (2022). Assessing the Performance of the Phase Difference Bathymetric Sonar Depth Uncertainty Prediction Model. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092011"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"13","article-title":"Baltic Titanics\u2014History and current state","volume":"6","year":"2005","journal-title":"Marit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1515\/aon-2016-0012","article-title":"Estimation of Effective Swath Width for Dual-Head Multibeam Echosounder","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Navig."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"4250","article-title":"Multibeam Echosounder System in Bathymetric Survey of Planned Shipping Routes [in Polish]","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Logistyka"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"IHO C-13 (2011). Manual on Hydrography, International Hydrographic Organization. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Fish, J.P., and Carr, H.A. (1990). Sound Underwater Images. A Guide to the Generation and Interpretation of Side-Scan Sonar Data, Lower Cape Publishing."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Yang, F., and Tang, Y. (2021). Side-scan Sonar and Sub-bottom Profiler Surveying. High-resolution Seafloor Survey and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9750-3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Wu, M., Yu, F., Feng, C., Li, K., Zhu, Y., Rigall, E., and He, B. (2019). RT-Seg: A Real-Time Semantic Segmentation Network for Side-Scan Sonar Images. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19091985"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgiou, N., Dimas, X., Fakiris, E., Christodoulou, D., Geraga, M., Koutsoumpa, D., Baika, K., Kalamara, P., Ferentinos, G., and Papatheodorou, G. (2021). A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Mapping, Automatic Detection and Morphometric Analysis of Ancient Submerged Coastal Installations: The Case Study of the Ancient Aegina Harbour Complex. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214462"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00367-018-0555-5","article-title":"Acoustic investigations of shallow gas in the southern Baltic Sea (Polish Exclusive Economic Zone): A review","volume":"39","author":"Klusek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geo-Mar. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2013.09.017","article-title":"Maritime archaeology and identification of historic shipwrecks: A legal perspective","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Marine Policy"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Berg, D. (2015). Shipwreck Diving, Instant Downloadable E-Book, Aqua Explorers."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Keatts, H., and Skerry, B. (1999). Complete Wreck Diving: A Guide to Diving Wrecks, Aqua Quest Publications. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-012-9131-x","article-title":"Shipwreck Identity, Methodology, and Nautical Archaeology","volume":"20","author":"Harpster","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Method Theory"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Poleszak, S. (2005). Searching for and identifying underwater objects. Baltic Wrecks: Guide for Divers, Eliza Poleszak."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Grz\u0105dziel, A. (2008). Using side scan sonar imagery to identify the wrecks. The II Hydrographic Workshop, Pomeranian Science and Technology Park, Hydrographic Support Squadron of the Polish Navy."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Sobczak, K. (1975). Encyclopedia of World War II, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Marud, W., and Zieli\u0144ski, T. (2022). Aviation in Air War. Concepts. History. Present, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3likiewicz, T. (1981). Polish Plane and Colour, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Goss, C. (2017). Junkers ju 88 the Luftwaffes Most Versatile Aircraft, Frontline Books. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Murawki, M.J., and Ry\u015b, M. (2014). Junkers Ju 88 vol. I, Kagero. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Weal, J. (2010). Junkers Ju 88 Kampfgeschwader on the Russian Front, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Donald, D. (1998). Bombers of World War II. Brown Packaging Books Ltd."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ledwoch, J. (1992). Junkers Ju 88, A.J.-Press."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:54Z","timestamp":1760144154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14205195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14205195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}