{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T04:07:52Z","timestamp":1768882072055,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland flagship of science UNITE Forest-Human-Machine Interplay","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["337127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["337127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland flagship of science UNITE Forest-Human-Machine Interplay","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["337655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["337655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland flagship of science UNITE Forest-Human-Machine Interplay","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["337656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["337656"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thinning is a forest management activity that regulates the competition between the trees within a forest. However, the effect of different thinning treatments on competition is largely unexplored, especially because of the difficulty in measuring crown characteristics. This study aimed to investigate how different type and intensity thinning treatments affect the stem- and crown-based competition of trees based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds. The research was conducted in three study sites in southern Finland where the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the dominant tree species. Nine rectangular sample plots of varying sizes (1000 m2 to 1200 m2) were established within each study site, resulting in 27 sample plots in total. The experimental design of each study site included two levels of thinning intensities and three thinning types, resulting in six different thinning treatments. To assess the competition between the trees, six distance-dependent competition indices were computed for each tree. The indices were based on diameter at breast height (DBH) (CIDBH), height (CIH), maximum crown diameter (CIMCD), crown projection area (CICA), crown volume (CICV), and crown surface area (CICS). The results showed that for both moderate and intensive intensities, the competition decrease was 45.5\u201382.5% for thinning from below, 15.6\u201373.6% for thinning from above, and 12.8\u201366.8% for systematic thinning when compared with control plots. In most cases, the crown- and stem-based metrics were affected by thinning treatments significantly when compared with control plots at a 95% confidence interval. Moreover, moderate from-below and from-above thinning showed no statistical difference with each other in both crown- and stem-based competition indices except for CIDBH (p-value \u2264 0.05). Our results confirm the great potential of TLS point clouds in quantifying stem- and crown-based competition between trees, which could be beneficial for enhancing ecological knowledge on how trees grow in response to competition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1666053061000},"page":"5196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Assessing the Effect of Different Thinning Treatments on the Competition of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5693-3163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghasem","family":"Ronoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Poorazimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2648-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuomas","family":"Yrttimaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ville","family":"Luoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Saija","family":"Huuskonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Hynynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"}]},{"given":"Ninni","family":"Saarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Kankare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Vastaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.08.015","article-title":"Tree Morphology Responds to Neighbourhood Competition and Slope in Species-Rich Forests of Subtropical China","volume":"260","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. 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