{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:10:37Z","timestamp":1781021437554,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFE0134400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0134400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBAS2022IRP06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBAS2022IRP06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20212AEI91006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212AEI91006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Program of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","award":["2017YFE0134400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0134400"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Program of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","award":["CBAS2022IRP06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBAS2022IRP06"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Program of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","award":["20212AEI91006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212AEI91006"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Technology Innovation Guidance Program (National Science and Technology Award Reserve Project Cultivation Program)","award":["2017YFE0134400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0134400"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Technology Innovation Guidance Program (National Science and Technology Award Reserve Project Cultivation Program)","award":["CBAS2022IRP06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBAS2022IRP06"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Technology Innovation Guidance Program (National Science and Technology Award Reserve Project Cultivation Program)","award":["20212AEI91006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212AEI91006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contributing to the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within Target 11.4 \u201cStrengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world\u2019s cultural and natural heritage\u201d, it is critical to monitor the spatial and temporal stabilities of cultural heritages. The study of the interactive relationship between earthquakes and the protection of cultural heritages needs to be strengthened. On 27 September 2021, the destructive Mw 5.9 Arkalochori earthquake occurred ~25 km away from the city of Heraklion (Greece) where the Heraklion City Wall (HCW), a representative cultural heritage of Greece and Europe, was located. This offered a proper case to investigate the shortcomings aforementioned. Here, we intend to set up and answer the following three questions (Whether, Where and What, 3Ws): Whether there were impacts on the HCW caused by the Arkalochori earthquake? Where did the maximum deformation occur? What was the relationship between seismic deformation between the epicenter and the HCW over time? We performed two-dimensional (2D) InSAR measurements for both co-seismic and post-seismic deformations using the ascending and descending Sentinel-1A SAR images. The spatial-temporal characteristics of Up\u2013Down (UD) and East\u2013West (EW) were revealed. The 2D co-seismic deformation field showed that the near-filed deformations were dominating compared with the deformations at the HCW, the UD deformation was mainly featured with subsidence with a maximum value of ~21 cm, the EW deformation was ~9 cm westward and ~10 cm eastward. The time-series measurements showed that: (1) temporally, the HCW responded quickly to the Arkalochori earthquake, and the accumulative deformations at the seven different bastions of the HCW showed the same trend as the near-field area over time. (2) Spatially, the closer to the Mw 5.9 epicenter, the larger the deformations that occurred. (3) The EW and UD deformation trends of the HCW that were consistent with the Mw 5.9 epicenter were interrupted at the middle time spot (22 January 2022), indicating the influence of another earthquake sequence consisting of eight earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 3.5 that happened on 16\u201318 January 2022. Respectively, to summarize and address the aforementioned 3Ws based on the post-seismic analysis accomplished by the MSBAS method, the Arkalochori earthquake did affect the HCW; besides, the influences of the ~13 km earthquake sequence were also detected; the nearest part to the epicenter suffered the most; the deformation trends of the HCW were approximately the same with the epicenter area of the Arkalochori earthquake both in the UD and EW directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:58:51Z","timestamp":1666141131000},"page":"5212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Two-Dimensional InSAR Monitoring of the Co- and Post-Seismic Ground Deformation of the 2021 Mw 5.9 Arkalochori (Greece) Earthquake and Its Impact on the Deformations of the Heraklion City Wall Relic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1144-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education & School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issaak","family":"Parcharidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment, Geography and Applied Economics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education & School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab123","article-title":"Interdisciplinary approaches based on imaging radar enable cutting-edge cultural heritage applications","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"InSAR data for geohazard assessment in UNESCO World Heritage sites: Stateof-the-art and perspectives in the Copernicus era","volume":"63","author":"Tapete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-020-00329-0","article-title":"Monitoring ground deformation of cultural heritage sites using SAR and geodetic techniques: The case study of Choirokoitia, Cyprus","volume":"13","author":"Themistocleous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111464","article-title":"A multi-disciplinary approach for the damage analysis of cultural heritage: The case study of the St. Gerlando Cathedral in Agrigento","volume":"235","author":"Reale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastonchi, L., Barra, A., Monserrat, O., Luzi, G., Solari, L., and Tofani, V. (2018). Satellite Data to Improve the Knowledge of Geohazards in World Heritage Sites. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10070992"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2015.11.001","article-title":"Global overview of the geological hazard exposure and disaster risk awareness at world heritage sites","volume":"28","author":"Pavlova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassilakis, E., Kaviris, G., Kapetanidis, V., Papageorgiou, E., Foumelis, M., Konsolaki, A., Petrakis, S., Evangelidis, C.P., Alexopoulos, J., and Karastathis, V. (2022). The 27 September 2021 Earthquake in Central Crete (Greece)-Detailed Analysis of the Earthquake Sequence and Indications for Contemporary Arc-Parallel Extension to the Hellenic Arc. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12062815"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111293","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between the water crisis and sustainability of the Angkor World Heritage site","volume":"232","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601284","article-title":"Radar interferometry offers new insights into threats to the Angkor site","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12593","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212593","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Processing of COSMO-SkyMed StripMap HIMAGE Time Series to Depict Deformation of the Historic Centre of Rome, Italy","volume":"6","author":"Cigna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cigna, F., and Tapete, D. (2018). Tracking Human-Induced Landscape Disturbance at the Nasca Lines UNESCO World Heritage Site in Peru with COSMO-SkyMed InSAR. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040572"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1475921720942120","article-title":"Country-scale InSAR monitoring for settlement and uplift damage calculation in architectural heritage structures","volume":"2020","author":"Drougkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102115","article-title":"Subsidence in Como historic centre (northern Italy): Assessment of building vulnerability combining hydrogeological and stratigraphic features, Cosmo-SkyMed InSAR and damage data","volume":"56","author":"Nappo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2021.3098182","article-title":"Toward Fine Surveillance: A Review of Multitemporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar for Infrastructure Health Monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzouvaras, M., Kouhartsiouk, D., Agapiou, A., Danezis, C., and Hadjimitsis, D.G. (2019). The Use of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images and Open-Source Software for Cultural Heritage: An Example from Paphos Area in Cyprus for Mapping Landscape Changes after a 5.6 Magnitude Earthquake. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151766"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3028272","article-title":"Detecting Displacements Within Archaeological Sites in Cyprus After a 5.6 Magnitude Scale Earthquake Event Through the Hybrid Pluggable Processing Pipeline (HyP3) Cloud-Based System and Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Agapiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-021-00542-z","article-title":"UNESCO World Heritage properties in changing and dynamic environments: Change detection methods using optical and radar satellite data","volume":"9","author":"Agapiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/geohazards3010006","article-title":"The Crete Isl. (Greece) Mw6.0 Earthquake of 27 September 2021: Expecting the Unexpected","volume":"3","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeoHazards"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallianatos, F., Karakonstantis, A., Michas, G., Pavlou, K., Kouli, M., and Sakkas, V. (2022). On the Patterns and Scaling Properties of the 2021\u20132022 Arkalochori Earthquake Sequence (Central Crete, Greece) Based on Seismological, Geophysical and Satellite Observations. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12157716"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peleli, S., Kouli, M., and Vallianatos, F. (2022). Satellite-Observed Thermal Anomalies and Deformation Patterns Associated to the 2021, Central Crete Seismic Sequence. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143413"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganas, A., Hamiel, Y., Serpetsidaki, A., Briole, P., Valkaniotis, S., Fassoulas, C., Piatibratova, O., Kranis, H., Tsironi, V., and Karamitros, I. (2022). The Arkalochori Mw = 5.9 Earthquake of 27 September 2021 Inside the Heraklion Basin: A Shallow, Blind Rupture Event Highlighting the Orthogonal Extension of Central Crete. Geosciences, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences12060220"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.011","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A review","volume":"115","author":"Crosetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.038","article-title":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction using a GPS-based iterative tropospheric decomposition model","volume":"204","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9202","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JB015305","article-title":"Generic Atmospheric Correction Model for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations","volume":"123","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025753","article-title":"Generation of real-time mode high-resolution water vapor fields from GPS observations","volume":"122","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy443","article-title":"Modelling the elevation-dependent seasonal amplitude of tropospheric delays in GPS time-series using DInSAR and meteorological data","volume":"216","author":"Alinia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112745","article-title":"Three-dimensional and long-term landslide displacement estimation by fusing C- and L-band SAR observations: A case study in Gongjue County, Tibet, China","volume":"267","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01325-y","article-title":"Three-dimensional deformation time series of glacier motion from multiple-aperture DInSAR observation","volume":"93","author":"Samsonov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samsonov, S., and Baryakh, A. (2020). Estimation of Deformation Intensity above a Flooded Potash Mine Near Berezniki (Perm Krai, Russia) with SAR Interferometry. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193215"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105471","article-title":"Satellite interferometry for mapping surface deformation time series in one, two and three dimensions: A new method illustrated on a slow-moving landslide","volume":"266","author":"Samsonov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Multidimensional time-series analysis of ground deformation from multiple InSAR data sets applied to Virunga Volcanic Province","volume":"191","author":"Samsonov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"142","article-title":"Ground deformation associated with post-mining activity at the French-German border revealed by novel InSAR time series method","volume":"23","author":"Samsonov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2017.1344926","article-title":"Multidimensional Small Baseline Subset (MSBAS) for Two-Dimensional Deformation Analysis: Case Study Mexico City","volume":"43","author":"Samsonov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.017","article-title":"Rapidly accelerating subsidence in the Greater Vancouver region from two decades of ERS-ENVISAT-RADARSAT-2 DInSAR measurements","volume":"143","author":"Samsonov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068293","article-title":"Three-dimensional deformation mapping of a dike intrusion event in Sakurajima in 2015 by exploiting the right- and left-looking ALOS-2 InSAR","volume":"43","author":"Morishita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Agram, P.S., Gurrola, E.M., Lavalle, M., Sacco, G.F., and Rosen, P.A. (2016, January 16). The InSAR Scientific Computing Environment (ISCE): An Earth Science SAR Processing Framework, Toolbox, and Foundry. Proceedings of the Agu Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1029\/RS023i004p00713","article-title":"Satellite radar interferometry: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping","volume":"23","author":"Goldstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012559","article-title":"Three-dimensional surface deformation derived from airborne interferometric UAVSAR: Application to the Slumgullion Landslide","volume":"121","author":"Delbridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.Y., Lou, Y.D., Zhang, W.X., Wang, H., Zhou, Y.Z., and Bai, J.N. (2021). On the Assessment GPS-Based WRFDA for InSAR Atmospheric Correction: A Case Study in Pearl River Delta Region of China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163280"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Tikhonov, A.N., and Arsenin, V.Y. (1977). Solution of Ill-Posed Problem, V.H. Winston and Sons."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802453","article-title":"Phase unwrapping for large SAR interferograms: Statistical segmentation and generalized network models","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1029\/2011EO280002","article-title":"Open radar interferometry software for mapping surface Deformation","volume":"92","author":"Sandwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zebker, H. (2021). Accuracy of a Model-Free Algorithm for Temporal InSAR Tropospheric Correction. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030409"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, T.H., Simard, M., Denbina, M., and Lamb, M.P. (2020). Monitoring Water Level Change and Seasonal Vegetation Change in the Coastal Wetlands of Louisiana Using L-Band Time-Series. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152351"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggaa405","article-title":"Quantitative assessment to the impact of InSAR ionospheric and tropospheric corrections on source parameter modelling: Application to the 4th nuclear test, North Korea","volume":"224","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JB002756","article-title":"Probing the mechanical properties of seismically active crust with space geodesy: Study of the coseismic deformation due to the 1992 M(w)7.3 Landers (southern California) earthquake","volume":"109","author":"Fialko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112298","article-title":"Estimating three-dimensional coseismic deformations with the SM-VCE method based on heterogeneous SAR observations: Selection of homogeneous points and analysis of observation combinations","volume":"255","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112097","article-title":"Triggered afterslip on the southern Hikurangi subduction interface following the 2016 Kaikura earthquake from InSAR time series with atmospheric corrections","volume":"251","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-15-4221-2021","article-title":"Measuring the state and temporal evolution of glaciers in Alaska and Yukon using synthetic-aperture-radar-derived (SAR-derived) 3D time series of glacier surface flow","volume":"15","author":"Samsonov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005504","article-title":"Postseismic displacement of the 1999 Athens earthquake retrieved by the Differential Interferometry by Synthetic Aperture Radar time series","volume":"113","author":"Atzori","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggv353","article-title":"The seismic sequence of January-February 2014 at Cephalonia Island (Greece): Constraints from SAR interferometry and GPS","volume":"203","author":"Briole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"10","article-title":"Coincident locations of rupture nucleation during the 2019 Le Teil earthquake, France and maximum stress change from local cement quarrying","volume":"1","author":"Convertito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganas, A., Kourkouli, P., Briole, P., Moshou, A., Elias, P., and Parcharidis, I. (2018). Coseismic Displacements from Moderate-Size Earthquakes Mapped by Sentinel-1 Differential Interferometry: The Case of February 2017 Gulpinar Earthquake Sequence (Biga Peninsula, Turkey). Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071089"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"898","article-title":"Seismic and aseismic slip evolution and deformation associated with the 2009-2010 northern Malawi earthquake swarm, East African Rift","volume":"191","author":"Hamiel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004777","article-title":"Structure and mechanical properties of faults in the North Anatolian Fault system from InSAR observations of coseismic deformation due to the 1999 Izmit (Turkey) earthquake","volume":"112","author":"Hamiel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2016.10.021","article-title":"Fault plane modelling of the 2003 August 14 Lefkada Island (Greece) earthquake based on the analysis of ENVISAT SAR interferograms","volume":"693","author":"Ilieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggaa345","article-title":"Rupture kinematics of 2020 January 24 M-w 6.7 Doganyol-Sivrice, Turkey earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault Zone imaged by space geodesy","volume":"223","author":"Melgar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2021.228745","article-title":"Source Mechanism and Rupture Process of the 24 January 2020 Mw 6.7 Doganyol-Sivrice Earthquake obtained from Seismological Waveform Analysis and Space Geodetic Observations on the East Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey)","volume":"804","author":"Taymaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.10.026010","article-title":"Deformation estimation of an earth dam and its relation with local earthquakes, by exploiting multitemporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry: Mornos dam case (Central Greece)","volume":"10","author":"Neokosmidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.3390\/su7021712","article-title":"Differential Radar Interferometry for Structural and Ground Deformation Monitoring: A New Tool for the Conservation and Sustainability of Cultural Heritage Sites","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"251","article-title":"Mitigation of Atmospheric Artefacts in Multi Temporal InSAR: A Review","volume":"89","author":"Kirui","year":"2021","journal-title":"PFG-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.03.008","article-title":"Time-series InSAR ground deformation monitoring: Atmospheric delay modeling and estimating","volume":"192","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111326","article-title":"Tropospheric corrections for InSAR: Statistical assessments and applications to the Central United States and Mexico","volume":"232","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:35Z","timestamp":1760144195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14205212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14205212","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]}}}