{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:10:55Z","timestamp":1771067455666,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12171455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12171455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDBS-LY-DQC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDBS-LY-DQC003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020000061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020000061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Original Innovation Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","award":["42004116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004116"]}]},{"name":"the Original Innovation Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","award":["12171455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12171455"]}]},{"name":"the Original Innovation Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","award":["ZDBS-LY-DQC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDBS-LY-DQC003"]}]},{"name":"the Original Innovation Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","award":["2020000061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020000061"]}]},{"name":"IGGCAS Research Start-up Funds","award":["42004116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004116"]}]},{"name":"IGGCAS Research Start-up Funds","award":["12171455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12171455"]}]},{"name":"IGGCAS Research Start-up Funds","award":["ZDBS-LY-DQC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDBS-LY-DQC003"]}]},{"name":"IGGCAS Research Start-up Funds","award":["2020000061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020000061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In conventional cross-correlation (CC)-based wave-equation travel-time tomography, wrong source wavelets can result in inaccurate velocity inversion results, which is known as the source\u2013velocity trade-off. In this study, an envelope travel-time objective function is developed for wave-equation tomography to alleviate the non-uniqueness and uncertainty due to wrong source wavelets. The envelope of a seismic signal helps reduce the waveform fluctuations\/distortions caused by variations of the source time function. We show that for two seismic signals generated with different source wavelets, the travel-time shift calculated by cross-correlation of their envelopes is more accurate compared to that obtained by directly cross-correlating their waveforms. Then, the CC-based envelope travel-time (ET) objective function is introduced for wave-equation tomography. A new adjoint source has also been derived to calculate the sensitivity kernels. In the numerical inversion experiments, a synthetic example with cross-well survey is first given to show that compared to the traditional CC travel-time objective function, the ET objective function is relatively insensitive to source wavelet variations and can reconstruct the elastic velocity structures more reliably. Finally, the effectiveness and advantages of our method are verified by inversion of early arrivals in a practical seismic survey for recovering near-surface velocity structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1666217993000},"page":"5223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Envelope Travel-Time Objective Function for Reducing Source\u2013Velocity Trade-Offs in Wave-Equation Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9605-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyong","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1441754","article-title":"Inversion of seismic reflection data in the acoustic approximation","volume":"49","author":"Tarantola","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1443179","article-title":"Wave-equation tomography","volume":"57","author":"Woodward","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.1998.00498.x","article-title":"Gauss-Newton and full Newton methods in frequency-space seismic waveform inversion","volume":"133","author":"Pratt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. 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