{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:41:23Z","timestamp":1772113283214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["862658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multispectral satellite remote sensing imagery, together with appropriate modeling, have been proven to provide chlorophyll-a maps that are useful to evaluate the suitability of coastal areas for carrying out shellfish aquaculture. However, current approaches used for chlorophyll-a estimation in very shallow coastal areas often fail in their accuracy. To overcome this limitation, an algorithm that provides an accurate estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in the coastal areas of the Ebro delta (North Western Mediterranean) using atmospherically corrected Sentinel 2 (S2) remote sensing reflectances (Rrs) has been calibrated and validated. The derived chlorophyll-a maps created have been used in a dynamic carrying capacity model that covers areas from very rich waters inside the embayment to the more oligotrophic waters in the open sea. The use of carrying capacity models is recommended to evaluate the potential of marine coastal areas for bivalve mollusk aquaculture. In this context, the depletion of chlorophyll-a is an indicator of negative environmental impact and thus a continuous monitoring of chlorophyll-a is key. The proposed methodology allows estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration from Sentinel-2 with an accuracy higher than 70% in most cases. The carrying capacity and the suitability of the external areas of the Ebro delta have been determined. The results show that these areas can hold a significant mussel production. The methodology presented in this study aims to provide a tool to the shellfish aquaculture industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1666217993000},"page":"5235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Accurate Estimation of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Coastal Areas of the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean) Using Sentinel-2 and Its Application in the Selection of Areas for Mussel Aquaculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2875-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Tejedor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Carretera del Poblenou km 5.5, 43540 La R\u00e0pita, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jorge Enrique","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Carretera del Poblenou km 5.5, 43540 La R\u00e0pita, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7321-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Angelats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Research Unit, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC\/CERCA), Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 7, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx018","article-title":"Making space for shellfish farming along the Adriatic coast","volume":"74","author":"Brigolin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ices J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.04.013","article-title":"Multidisciplinary tools for sustainable management of an ecosystem service: The case study of mussel farming in the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Mediterranean, Ionian Sea)","volume":"176","author":"Giordano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697216964","article-title":"Determination of potential for aqua-culture activities via passive teledetection and a grid-based geographical information system\u2014Application to coastal waters to the Baie-des-Chaleurs (Eastern Canada)","volume":"18","author":"Habbane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Zhao, G., Chen, X., and Yu, X. (2022). Improving Satellite Retrieval of Coastal Aquaculture Pond by Adding Water Quality Parameters. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143306"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-008-9212-8","article-title":"Biophysical models for Japanese scallop, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, aquaculture site selection in Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan, using remotely sensed data and geographic information system","volume":"17","author":"Radiarta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Babin, M., Roesler, C.S., and Cullen, J.J. (2008). Real-Time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms: Theory, Instrumentation and Modelling. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.11.017","article-title":"A HAB warning system for shellfish harvesting in Portugal","volume":"53","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres Palenzuela, J.M., Gonzalez Vilas, L., Bellas, F.M., Garet, E., Gonzalez-Fernandez, A., and Spyrakos, E. (2019). Pseudo-nitzschia Blooms in a Coastal Upwelling System: Remote Sensing Detection, Toxicity and Environmental Variables. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11091954"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Touza, I.S., Rodriguez, J.E.A., Pet, J.V., and Cumbreno, J.D.R. (2003, January 11\u201312). An Information System to Reduce the Effects of Red Tides in the Galician Rias. Proceedings of the Systems of Optical Security 2003 Conference, Warsaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakamatsu, L., Britten, G.L., Styles, E.J., and Fischer, A.M. (2022). Chlorophyll-a and Sea Surface Temperature Changes in Relation to Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Production off the East Coast of Tasmania, Australia. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030665"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00337","article-title":"Current and Future Remote Sensing of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Chesapeake Bay to Support the Shellfish Industry","volume":"7","author":"Wolny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112016","article-title":"Evaluation of remotely sensed prediction and forecast models for Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay","volume":"250","author":"DeLuca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Uz, S.S., Ames, T.J., Memarsadeghi, N., McDonnell, S.M., Blough, N.V., Mehta, A.V., and McKay, J.R. (October, January 26). Supporting Aquaculture in the Chesapeake Bay Using Artificial Intelligence to Detect Poor Water Quality with Remote Sensing. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Electr Network, Waikoloa, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-4-853-2007","article-title":"Relationship between photosynthetic parameters and different proxies of phytoplankton biomass in the subtropical ocean","volume":"4","author":"Huot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00211","article-title":"Advancing Marine Biological Observations and Data Requirements of the Complementary Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) Frameworks","volume":"5","author":"Miloslavich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14108","article-title":"M.; et al. Essential ocean variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes","volume":"24","author":"Miloslavich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108479","article-title":"Suitability of multisensory satellites for long-term chlorophyll assessment in coastal waters: A case study in optically-complex waters of the temperate region","volume":"134","author":"Staehr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112366","article-title":"ACIX-Aqua: A global assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 over lakes, rivers, and coastal waters","volume":"258","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, H.R., and Morel, A.Y. (1983). Remote Assessment of Ocean Color for Interpretation of Satellite Visible Imagery. A Review, Springer.","DOI":"10.1029\/LN004"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soriano-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Urrego, E.P., S\u00f2ria-Perpiny\u00e0, X., Angelats, E., Alcaraz, C., Delegido, J., Ru\u00edz-Verd\u00fa, A., Tenjo, C., Vicente, E., and Moreno, J. (2022). Towards the Combination of C2RCC Processors for Improving Water Quality Retrieval in Inland and Coastal Areas. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051124"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2242845","article-title":"A Review of Some Important Technical Problems in Respect of Satellite Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Coastal Waters","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"FAO (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation, FAO."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03308-6","article-title":"A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture","volume":"591","author":"Naylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00014","article-title":"Bivalve Grazing Can Shape Phytoplankton Communities","volume":"3","author":"Lucas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875509","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.875509","article-title":"Prospects of Low Trophic Marine Aquaculture Contributing to Food Security in a Net Zero-Carbon World","volume":"6","author":"Krause","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smaal, A.C., Ferreira, J.G., Grant, J., Petersen, J.K., and Strand, \u00d8. (2019). Global Production of Marine Bivalves. Trends and Challenges. Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96776-9"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3798","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3798","article-title":"Assessment of the impacts of an unprecedented heatwave on intertidal shellfish of the Salish Sea","volume":"103","author":"Raymond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, R., Anderson, S., Booth, J., Braich, G., Draeger, C., Fei, C., Harley, C., Henderson, S., Jakob, M., and Lau, C.-A. (2022). The Unprecedented Pacific Northwest Heatwave of June 2021. Phys. Sci.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1520351\/v1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53580-w","article-title":"Decreased thermal tolerance under recurrent heat stress conditions explains summer mass mortality of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis","volume":"9","author":"Seuront","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07711","article-title":"Tidal dynamics, topographic orientation, and temperature-mediated mass mortalities on rocky shores","volume":"371","author":"Harley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610589","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.610589","article-title":"Multivariate Sub-Regional Ocean Indicators in the Mediterranean Sea: From Event Detection to Climate Change Estimations","volume":"8","author":"Juza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785771","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.785771","article-title":"Sub-Regional Marine Heat Waves in the Mediterranean Sea From Observations: Long-Term Surface Changes, Sub-Surface and Coastal Responses","volume":"9","author":"Juza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.11.014","article-title":"Development of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) seed from two different origins in a semi-enclosed Mediterranean Bay (NE Spain)","volume":"264","author":"Ramon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2010.05.003","article-title":"Integrating multiple spatial scales in the carrying capacity assessment of a coastal ecosystem for bivalve aquaculture","volume":"64","author":"Guyondet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2006.07.001","article-title":"The DEBIB project: Dynamic Energy Budgets in Bivalves","volume":"56","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smaal, A.C., Ferreira, J.G., Grant, J., Petersen, J.K., and Strand, \u00d8. (2019). Bivalve Aquaculture Carrying Capacity: Concepts and Assessment Tools. Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96776-9"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009997011583","article-title":"Bivalve carrying capacity in coastal ecosystems","volume":"31","author":"Dame","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(86)80107-2","article-title":"Energy budgets can explain body size relations","volume":"121","author":"Kooijman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2006.05.001","article-title":"Body-size scaling relationships in bivalve species: A comparison of field data with predictions by the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory","volume":"56","author":"Cardoso","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.114392","article-title":"Growth performance and ecological services evaluation of razor clams based on dynamic energy budget model","volume":"306","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.03.030","article-title":"Modelling mussel shell and flesh growth using a dynamic net production approach","volume":"506","author":"Labarta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0074","article-title":"Modelling shellfish growth with dynamic energy budget models: An application for cockles and mussels in the Oosterschelde (southwest Netherlands)","volume":"365","author":"Troost","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2006.03.011","article-title":"Intra- and interspecies comparison of energy flow in bivalve species in Dutch coastal waters by means of the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory","volume":"56","author":"Cardoso","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2011.09.002","article-title":"Modelling mussel growth in ecosystems with low suspended matter loads using a Dynamic Energy Budget approach","volume":"67","author":"Duarte","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"coac034","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coac034","article-title":"Comparing life history traits and tolerance to changing environments of two oyster species (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas) through Dynamic Energy Budget theory","volume":"10","author":"Stechele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2014.03.015","article-title":"A fully-spatial ecosystem-DEB model of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) carrying capacity in the Richibucto Estuary, Eastern Canada","volume":"136","author":"Filgueira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2020.109049","article-title":"A box-model of carrying capacity of the Thau lagoon in the context of ecological status regulations and sustainable shellfish cultures","volume":"426","author":"Pete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735045","article-title":"Biological, socio-economic, and administrative opportunities and challenges to moving aquaculture offshore for small French oyster-farming companies","volume":"521","author":"Barille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7277","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010055","article-title":"Remote sensing of suspended particulate matter in turbid oyster-farming ecosystems","volume":"119","author":"Gernez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2020.105234","article-title":"A modelling approach to classify the suitability of shallow Mediterranean lagoons for pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) farming","volume":"192","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00802","article-title":"Remote Sensing-Driven Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Growth Modeling to Inform Offshore Aquaculture Site Selection","volume":"6","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2022.102264","article-title":"Biological site suitability for exposed self-regulating cultivation of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis): A Belgian case study","volume":"98","author":"Stechele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2022, August 30). Gencat. Evoluci\u00f3 de la Producci\u00f3 Aq\u00fc\u00edcola Marina. Departament d\u2019Acci\u00f3 Clim\u00e0tica, Alimentaci\u00f3 i Agenda Rural. Available online: http:\/\/agricultura.gencat.cat\/ca\/ambits\/pesca\/aquicultura\/estadistica-aquicultura\/evolucio-produccio-aquicola\/."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2016.05.011","article-title":"Modeling circulation patterns induced by spatial cross-shore wind variability in a small-size coastal embayment","volume":"104","author":"Cerralbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.-Pedrera Balsells, M., Grifoll, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Tejedor, M., and Espino, M. (2021). Short-Term Response of Chlorophyll a Concentration Due to Intense Wind and Freshwater Peak Episodes in Estuaries: The Case of Fangar Bay (Ebro Delta). Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13050701"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151756","article-title":"First Results of Phytoplankton Spatial Dynamics in Two NW-Mediterranean Bays from Chlorophyll-a Estimates Using Sentinel 2: Potential Implications for Aquaculture","volume":"11","author":"Angelats","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-V-3-2022-361-2022","article-title":"Combined flooding and water quality monitoring during short extreme events using Sentinel-2: The caes study of Gloria storm in Ebro delta","volume":"V-3-2022","author":"Angelats","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"351","article-title":"Hidrograf\u00eda de las Bah\u00edas del Delta del Ebro","volume":"51","author":"Camp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Investig. Pesq."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-3796(17)30778-3","article-title":"New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton","volume":"167","author":"Jeffrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. Und Physiol. Der Pflanz."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2022, July 01). SNAP-ESA Sentinel Application Platform v 8.0. Available online: http:\/\/step.esa.int."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2022, July 01). RCoreTeam A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Brockmann, C., Doerffer, R., Peters, M., Kerstin, S., Embacher, S., and Ruescas, A. (2016, January 1). Evolution of the C2RCC Neural Network for Sentinel 2 and 3 for the Retrieval of Ocean Colour Products in Normal and Extreme Optically Complex Waters. Proceedings of the Living Planet Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.018","article-title":"Assessment of atmospheric correction algorithms for the Sentinel-2A MultiSpectral Imager over coastal and inland waters","volume":"225","author":"Warren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-11-1631","article-title":"NCEP\u2013DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2)","volume":"83","author":"Kanamitsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2022, July 17). NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, O.E.L. Ocean Biology Processing Group. Ancillary Meteorological Ocean Color Data, NASA OB.DAAC, Available online: https:\/\/disc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/datasets\/OMTO3_003\/summary."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2021, September 27). OceanColor Data, Available online: https:\/\/oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira-Sandoval, M., Ruescas, A., Urrego, P., Ruiz-Verd\u00fa, A., Delegido, J., Tenjo, C., Soria-Perpiny\u00e0, X., Vicente, E., Soria, J., and Moreno, J. (2019). Evaluation of Atmospheric Correction Algorithms over Spanish Inland Waters for Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Imagery Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121469"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.05.009","article-title":"Validation of MERIS ocean-color products in the Bohai Sea: A case study for turbid coastal waters","volume":"114","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairo, C., Barbosa, C., Lobo, F., Novo, E., Carlos, F., Maciel, D., Flores J\u00fanior, R., Silva, E., and Curtarelli, V. (2020). Hybrid Chlorophyll-a Algorithm for Assessing Trophic States of a Tropical Brazilian Reservoir Based on MSI\/Sentinel-2 Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010040"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.04.021","article-title":"Chlorophyll algorithms for ocean color sensors\u2014OC4, OC5 & OC6","volume":"229","author":"Werdell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024023","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/2\/024023","article-title":"Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in productive turbid waters using a Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean\u2014The Azov Sea case study","volume":"6","author":"Gitelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.016","article-title":"Normalized difference chlorophyll index: A novel model for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in turbid productive waters","volume":"117","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niroumand-Jadidi, M., Bovolo, F., Bruzzone, L., and Gege, P. (2021). Inter-Comparison of Methods for Chlorophyll-a Retrieval: Sentinel-2 Time-Series Analysis in Italian Lakes. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122381"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"QGIS.org (2022, April 21). QGIS Geographic Information System, QGIS Association. Available online: http:\/\/www.qgis.org."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2009.02.007","article-title":"Applying Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory to simulate growth and bio-energetics of blue mussels under low seston conditions","volume":"62","author":"Rosland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kooijman, S.A.L.M. (2000). Dynamic Energy and Mass Budgets in Biological Systems, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565403"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2006.03.005","article-title":"The estimation of DEB parameters for various Northeast Atlantic bivalve species","volume":"56","author":"Cardoso","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.01.035","article-title":"Feeding behavior of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (L.) in a Mediterranean estuary: A field study","volume":"314","author":"Galimany","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Sol\u00e9, J. (2014). Modelo Din\u00e1mico Para el C\u00e1lculo de la Capacidad de Carga de una Bah\u00eda Costera Para el Cultivo de Bivalvos, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (Espa\u00f1a); Facultad de Ciencias."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Aquaculture Stewardship Council (2019). ASC Bivalve Standard, Aquaculture Stewardship Council. version 1.1."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Clementi, E., Aydogdu, A., Goglio, A.C., Pistoia, J., Escudier, R., Drudi, M., Grandi, A., Mariani, A., Lyubartsev, V., and Lecci, R. (2022, June 01). Mediterranean Sea Physical Analysis and Forecast (CMEMS MED-Currents, EAS6 system) (Version 1) set. Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service (CMEMS). Available online: https:\/\/resources.marine.copernicus.eu\/product-detail\/MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013\/INFORMATION."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"517","article-title":"Fitoplancton de las Bah\u00edas del Delta del Ebro","volume":"51","author":"Delgado","year":"1987","journal-title":"Investig. Pesq."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.512947","article-title":"A current review of empirical procedures of remote sensing in inland and near-coastal transitional waters","volume":"32","author":"Matthews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2016.08.002","article-title":"Testing the performance of empirical remote sensing algorithms in the Baltic Sea waters with modelled and in situ reflectance data","volume":"59","author":"Ligi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.021","article-title":"An optical water type framework for selecting and blending retrievals from bio-optical algorithms in lakes and coastal waters","volume":"143","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10674","article-title":"Optical types of inland and coastal waters","volume":"63","author":"Spyrakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uudeberg, K., Ansko, I., P\u00f5ru, G., Ansper, A., and Reinart, A. (2019). Using Optical Water Types to Monitor Changes in Optically Complex Inland and Coastal Waters. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192297"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R911","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00124.2007","article-title":"Behavioral, metabolic, and molecular stress responses of marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis during long-term acclimation at increasing ambient temperature","volume":"293","author":"Anestis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2020.109139","article-title":"Embracing multimodal optimization to enhance Dynamic Energy Budget parameterization","volume":"431","author":"Filgueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.173","article-title":"Mussels or tunicates: That is the question. Evaluating efficient and sustainable resource use by low-trophic species in aquaculture settings","volume":"231","author":"Filgueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2005.10.004","article-title":"Sustainability performance indicators for suspended bivalve aquaculture activities","volume":"7","author":"Gibbs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2012.10.012","article-title":"Numerical modelling of spatio-temporal variability of growth of Mytilus edulis (L.) and influence of its cultivation on ecosystem functioning","volume":"76","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125739","article-title":"The effect of embayment complexity on ecological carrying capacity estimations in bivalve aquaculture sites","volume":"288","author":"Filgueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5235\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:43Z","timestamp":1760144263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14205235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14205235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]}}}