{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:22:59Z","timestamp":1760232179386,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","award":["01-05-64667","03-05-06130","05-02-08025","22-12-00083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-05-64667","03-05-06130","05-02-08025","22-12-00083"]}]},{"name":"JSC Company VNIISMI","award":["01-05-64667","03-05-06130","05-02-08025","22-12-00083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-05-64667","03-05-06130","05-02-08025","22-12-00083"]}]},{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["01-05-64667","03-05-06130","05-02-08025","22-12-00083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-05-64667","03-05-06130","05-02-08025","22-12-00083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In our experiments, we develop and test portable multi-element receiver antenna arrays, electrically scanned in order to immediately obtain a recognizable image of subsurface objects. Two quadrature components of the radar return signal are processed with a Kirchhoff backward migration algorithm. Physical theory is used to assess the quality of the holographic image, and the synthetic aperture approach is developed and tested. The parabolic wave equation and Gaussian beam technique are used in order to take into account refraction effects and to suppress specular reflection from the air-ground interface. Laboratory and field tests confirmed the predicted device parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"5274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Methods and Algorithms of Subsurface Holographic Sounding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-8257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. V.","family":"Popov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pushkov Institute of Terrestriaj Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Reznikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pushkov Institute of Terrestriaj Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"A. I.","family":"Berkut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC Company VNIISMI, 127566 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"D. E.","family":"Edemsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pushkov Institute of Terrestriaj Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"Morozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pushkov Institute of Terrestriaj Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"JSC Company VNIISMI, 127566 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9634-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. V.","family":"Prokopovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pushkov Institute of Terrestriaj Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Born, M., and Wolf, E. (1999). Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light, Cambridge University Press. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"946","article-title":"Microwave holography","volume":"124","author":"Anderson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. 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