{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T05:32:09Z","timestamp":1766467929451,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last few decades, the efforts of the scientific community to search earthquake signatures in the atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric media have grown rapidly. The increasing amount of good quality data from both ground stations and satellites has allowed for the detections of anomalies with high statistical significance such as ionospheric plasma density perturbations and\/or atmospheric temperature and pressure changes. However, the identification of a causal link between the observed anomalies and their possible seismic trigger has so far been prevented by difficulties in the identification of confounders (such as solar and atmospheric activity) and the lack of a global analytical lithospheric\u2013atmospheric\u2013magnetospheric model able to explain (and possibly forecast) any anomalous signal. In order to overcome these problems, we have performed a multi-instrument analysis of a low-latitude seismic event by using high-quality data from both ground bases and satellites and preserving their statistical significance. An earthquake (Mw = 7.2) occurred in the Caribbean region on 14 August 2021 under both solar quiet and fair weather conditions, thus proving an optimal case study to reconstruct the link between the lithosphere, atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. The good match between the observations and novel magnetospheric\u2013ionospheric\u2013lithospheric coupling (M.I.L.C.) modeling of the event confirmed that the fault break generated an atmospheric gravity wave that was able to mechanically perturb the ionospheric plasma density, in turn triggering a variation in the magnetospheric field line resonance frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1666768668000},"page":"5340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Haiti Earthquake (Mw 7.2): Magnetospheric\u2013Ionospheric\u2013Lithospheric Coupling during and after the Main Shock on 14 August 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9214-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-2944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Piersanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Dell\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5808-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Battiston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive, 38123 Povo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Bertello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3182-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cicone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze dell\u2019Informazione e Matematica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Dell\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8279-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-3288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Parmentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare\u2014Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piergiorgio","family":"Picozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare\u2014Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1483-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Plainaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9530-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Recchiuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive, 38123 Povo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Sparvoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare\u2014Sezione di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ubertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02651707","article-title":"Recent advances in the research on seismo-electromagnetic emissions","volume":"5","author":"Xiong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Seismol. 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