{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T13:58:28Z","timestamp":1784210308993,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19010102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19010102"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["61975222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61975222"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA19010102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19010102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61975222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61975222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric refraction is one of the most significant factors that affect the geolocation accuracy of high-resolution remote sensing images. However, most of the current atmospheric refraction correction methods based on empirical data neglect the spatiotemporal variation of pressure, temperature, and humidity of the atmosphere, inevitably resulting in poor geometric positioning accuracy. Therefore, in terms of the problems mentioned above, this study proposed a spatiotemporal atmospheric refraction correction method (SARCM) based on global measured data to avoid the uncertainty of traditional empirical models. Initially, the atmosphere was stratified into 42 layers according to their pressure property, and each layer was divided into 1,042,560 grid cells with intervals of 0.25 longitude and 0.25 latitude. Then, the atmospheric refractive index of each grid in the imaging region was accurately calculated using the high-precision Ciddor formula, and the result was interpolated using three splines. Subsequently, according to the rigorous geometric positioning model, the line-of-sight of each pixel and the viewing zenith angle outside the atmosphere in WGS84 were derived to provide input for atmospheric refraction correction. Finally, the coordinates of the ground control points were corrected with the calculated atmospheric refractive index and Snell\u2019s law. The experimental results showed that the proposed SARCM could effectively improve the positioning accuracy of the image with a large viewing zenith angle, and especially, the improvement percentage for a viewing zenith angle of 34.2426\u00b0 in the x-direction was 99.5%. Moreover, the atmospheric refraction correction result of the SARCM was better than that of the primary state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1666768668000},"page":"5344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Spatiotemporal Atmospheric Refraction Correction Method for Improving the Geolocation Accuracy of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals (CBAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7003-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2244-8327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fansheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals (CBAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.004","article-title":"On-orbit geometric calibration and geometric quality assessment for the high-resolution geostationary optical satellite GaoFen4","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isprs J. 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