{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:58:20Z","timestamp":1773889100363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA23100203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23100203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42071289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071289"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA23100203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23100203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) is an important part of the ecological barrier of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. Understanding the TRHR\u2019s major ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies is important for scientifically integrating and optimizing ecosystem services. We studied the spatial\u2013temporal changes, trade-offs and synergies of the TRHR\u2019s water retention (WR), soil retention (SR), windbreak and sand fixation (WD) and forage supply (FS) services from 2000 to 2019. The results showed that: (1) The TRHR\u2019s WR, SR and FS services gradually decreased from east to west in space, and showed an increasing trend between years; the WD service gradually decreased from west to east in space, and showed a downward trend between years. (2) The synergistic relationship was the dominant relationship between the TRHR\u2019s grassland regulation and provision services. Future research on ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies should consider both the type of ecosystem services and the ecosystem\u2019s multifunctionality. (3) The improvement of the TRHR\u2019s ecosystem services in the future needs to focus on improving the fraction vegetation coverage (FVC) through ecological engineering measures in Maduo, and other areas near the 400 mm precipitation line, and enhancing the synergy of ecosystem services. (4) The restoration of TRHR FVC needs to consider the difference in natural endowments. It is recommended to adopt near-natural restoration in the northwest of the TRHR, and avoid setting too high restoration targets. Planting high-quality pastures in the southeast of the TRHR with good water and heat conditions and rationally allocating grassland ecological and production functions are recommended measures. (5) The TRHR\u2019s grassland should give priority to the development of the ecological functions of natural grasslands, and then give full play to its production functions. Overgrazing is strictly prohibited, so as to avoid the \u201cover-transformation\u201d of ecosystem regulation services to supply services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1666768668000},"page":"5349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Changes, Trade-Offs and Synergies of Major Ecosystem Services in the Three-River Headwaters Region from 2000 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guobo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}]},{"given":"Quanqin","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jiangwen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8979-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuchao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiongyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3919-4231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Daily, G. 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