{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:30:33Z","timestamp":1790130633141,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42204039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>2020 saw the official completion of the BDS-3 and the start of the PPP-B2b signal-based real-time precise point positioning (PPP) service to users in China and the neighboring areas. In this work, the quality of PPP-B2b products is first evaluated and compared with real-time products from the CNES and the differential code bias (DCB) from the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS). Then, a detailed performance evaluation of the PPP time transfer based on the PPP-B2b service (B2b-RTPPP) is conducted. Three solutions, namely, GPS-only (G), BDS-3-only (C), and GPS + BDS-3 (GC) B2b-RTPPP solutions, are compared and assessed. The results suggest that for the PPP-B2b products, BDS-3 satellites have better orbit and clock offset quality than GPS satellites, while the opposite is true for CNES products. The quality of the PPP-B2b orbit and clock offset is poorer than those of the CNES. The PPP-B2b DCB shows excellent agreement with the CAS DCB. The accuracy of the B2b-RTPPP solutions is sub-nanosecond level. The accuracy of B2b-RTPPP time transfer with DCB correction is approximately improved by 64% compared with that without DCB correction. The GC B2b-RTPPP solution has the greatest frequency stability, while G B2b-RTPPP solution has the poorest. Considering that the receiver may be blocked, the B2b-RTPPP time transfer performance is also evaluated at different cut-off elevation angles. As the angle increases, the B2b-RTPPP time transfer performance decreases. Additionally, the short-term frequency stability remains constant at different cut-off elevation angles, but deteriorates in the long term, especially when the angle is 40\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T09:59:37Z","timestamp":1666778377000},"page":"5366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comprehensive Analysis of PPP-B2b Service and Its Impact on BDS-3\/GPS Real-Time PPP Time Transfer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daqian","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangling","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0285-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise Point Positioning for the Efficient and Robust Analysis of GPS Data from Large Networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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