{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T01:05:46Z","timestamp":1773450346102,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["grant number 8224093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 8224093"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["grant number 2472022X06034A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2472022X06034A"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["grant numbers 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant numbers 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["grant number ZR2019MD005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number ZR2019MD005"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["grant number 8224093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 8224093"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["grant number 2472022X06034A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2472022X06034A"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["grant numbers 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant numbers 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["grant number ZR2019MD005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number ZR2019MD005"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["grant number 8224093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 8224093"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["grant number 2472022X06034A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2472022X06034A"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["grant numbers 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant numbers 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["grant number ZR2019MD005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number ZR2019MD005"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong province of China","award":["grant number 8224093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 8224093"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong province of China","award":["grant number 2472022X06034A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 2472022X06034A"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong province of China","award":["grant numbers 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant numbers 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong province of China","award":["grant number ZR2019MD005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number ZR2019MD005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 7 January 2022, a Mw 6.6 earthquake struck Menyuan County in the Qinghai province of China and the earthquake caused severe damage to infrastructures. In this study, the performance of the high-rate global navigation satellite system (GNSS) on real-time source modeling of the 2022 Mw 6.6 Menyuan earthquake was validated. We conducted the warning magnitude calculation, centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversion, and static fault slip distribution inversion using displacements collected from 14 1-Hz GNSS stations. Our results indicate that the warning magnitude derived from the peak ground displacement (PGD) first exceeds Mw 6.0 approximately 9 s after the earthquake and tends to be stable after about 45 s. The derived finally stable magnitude is Mw 6.5, which is near the USGS magnitude of Mw 6.6. Based on the inverted CMT and static fault slip distribution results, it can be determined that the 2022 Menyuan earthquake is a left-lateral strike-slip event after about 20 s of the earthquake. Although the fault slips, inverted with the 30-s smoothed coseismic offsets, are unstable after about 40 s, all the inverted slip models after that time present the obvious surface rupture and the most fault motions are concentrated between the depth of 0 km and 8 km. Compared with the results inverted with the 30-s smoothed coseismic offsets, the CMT and fault slips inverted with the 70-s smoothed coseismic offsets are more stable. The results obtained in this study indicate that the high-rate GNSS has the potential to be used for real-time source modeling for earthquakes with a magnitude less than 7; the stability of the inverted CMT and fault slips can be improved by using the coseismic offsets averaged by a relatively long-time sliding window.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"5378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Real-Time Source Modeling of the 2022 Mw 6.6 Menyuan, China Earthquake with High-Rate GNSS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhicai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangmao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caijun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-7158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuying","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"}]},{"given":"Lijiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Institute of Basic Surveying and Mapping, Xining 810001, China"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Emergency Mapping Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16312","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026871","article-title":"Magnitude estimation using the first three seconds P-wave amplitude in earthquake early warning","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23312","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027795","article-title":"Earthquake magnitude estimation from peak amplitudes of very early seismic signals on strong motion records","volume":"33","author":"Zollo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2010.03.008","article-title":"Development of the ElarmS methodology for earthquake early warning: Realtime application in California and offline testing in Japan","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084531","article-title":"Using 1-Hz GPS Data to Measure Deformations Caused by the Denali Fault Earthquake","volume":"300","author":"Larson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026390618355","article-title":"Measuring Seismic Waves Induced by Large Earthquakes with GPS","volume":"47","author":"Kouba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stud. Geophys. Et Geod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L06604","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL019150","article-title":"Detection of arbitrarily large dynamic ground motions with a dense high-rate GPS network","volume":"31","author":"Bock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.03.006","article-title":"Seismic deformation of the Mw 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from high-rate GPS observations","volume":"46","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B11302","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JB007941","article-title":"Real-time GPS seismology with a stand-alone receiver: A preliminary feasibility demonstration","volume":"116","author":"Colosimo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"B02305","article-title":"Very high rate (10 Hz) GPS seismology for moderate-magnitude earthquakes: The case of the Mw 6.3 L\u2019Aquila (central Italy) event","volume":"116","author":"Avallone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5047\/eps.2011.11.005","article-title":"Dynamic characteristics of very-high-rate GPS observations for seismology","volume":"64","author":"Ebinuma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0606-z","article-title":"High-rate precise point positioning (PPP) to measure seismic wave motions: An experimental comparison of GPS PPP with inertial measurement units","volume":"87","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2013.10.016","article-title":"High-rate (1-Hz and 50-Hz) GPS seismology: Application to the 2013 Mw 6.6 Lushan earthquake","volume":"79","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL067044","article-title":"Real-time capture of seismic waves using high-rate multi-GNSS observations: Application to the 2015 Mw 7.8 Nepal earthquake","volume":"43","author":"Geng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw190","article-title":"Retrieving real-time co-seismic displacements using GPS\/GLONASS: A preliminary report from the September 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel earthquake in Chile","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072808","article-title":"Integrating GPS with GLONASS for high-rate seismogeodesy","volume":"44","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0785-z","article-title":"Very high-rate GPS for measuring dynamic seismic displacements without aliasing: Performance evaluation of the variometric approach","volume":"22","author":"Shu","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0808-9","article-title":"Real-time capturing of seismic waveforms using high-rate BDS, GPS and GLONASS observations: The 2017 Mw 6.5 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in China","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggz397","article-title":"Real-time coseismic deformations from adaptively tight integration of high-rate GNSS and strong motion records","volume":"219","author":"Zang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1785\/0220200325","article-title":"Near-Field Strong Ground Motions from GPS-Derived Velocities for 2020 Intermountain Western United States Earthquakes","volume":"92","author":"Crowell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1489","article-title":"Co-seismic deformation and slip distribution of 2021 Mw 7.4 madoi earthquake from GNSS observation","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-022-01639-4","article-title":"First results using high-rate BDS-3 observations: Retrospective real-time analysis of 2021 Mw 7.4 Madoi (Tibet) earthquake","volume":"96","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6089","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058391","article-title":"Earthquake magnitude scaling using seismogeodetic data","volume":"40","author":"Crowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5197","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064278","article-title":"Earthquake magnitude calculation without saturation from the scaling of peak ground displacement","volume":"42","author":"Melgar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1785\/0220180177","article-title":"A Global Database of Strong-Motion Displacement GNSS Recordings and an Example Application to PGD Scaling","volume":"90","author":"Ruhl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1785\/0220190223","article-title":"Real-Time High-Rate GNSS Displacements: Performance Demonstration during the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquakes","volume":"91","author":"Melgar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-020-01013-x","article-title":"Scaling earthquake magnitude in real time with high-rate GNSS peak ground displacement from variometric approach","volume":"24","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1785\/0220190269","article-title":"Evaluation of Earthquake Magnitude Estimation and Event Detection Thresholds for Real-Time GNSS Networks: Examples from Recent Events Captured by the Network of the Americas","volume":"91","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1785\/0220190347","article-title":"Earthquake Magnitude Scaling Using Peak Ground Velocity Derived from High-Rate GNSS Observations","volume":"92","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Li, Y., Shan, X., and Zhu, C. (2021). Earthquake Magnitude Estimation from High-Rate GNSS Data: A Case Study of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214478"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2011.05297.x","article-title":"Real-time centroid moment tensor determination for large earthquakes from local and regional displacement records","volume":"188","author":"Melgar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL054209","article-title":"Earthquake source parameters from GPS-measured static displacements with potential for real-time application","volume":"40","author":"Valentine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010622","article-title":"Real-time inversions for finite fault slip models and rupture geometry based on high-rate GPS data","volume":"119","author":"Minson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5633","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010469","article-title":"Automatic imaging of earthquake rupture processes by iterative deconvolution and stacking of high-rate GPS and strong motion seismograms","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16310","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047947","article-title":"Application of real-time GPS to earthquake early warning","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B02311","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008750","article-title":"Quasi real-time fault model estimation for near-field tsunami forecasting based on RTK-GPS analysis: Application to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (Mw 9.0)","volume":"117","author":"Ohta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50242","article-title":"Application of real-time GPS to earthquake early warning in subduction and strike-slip environments","volume":"118","author":"Colombelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7944","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011400","article-title":"Operational real-time GPS-enhanced earthquake early warning","volume":"119","author":"Grapenthin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1785\/0120170247","article-title":"Hypothetical Real-Time GNSS Modeling of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaik\u014dura Earthquake: Perspectives from Ground Motion and Tsunami Inundation Prediction","volume":"108","author":"Crowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1785\/0220210129","article-title":"Rapid earthquake source description using Variometric-derived GPS displacements towards application to the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake","volume":"93","author":"Zang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-022-01641-w","article-title":"Rapid source models of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo, China, earthquake inferred from high-rate BDS3\/2, GPS, Galileo and GLONASS observations","volume":"96","author":"Zang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1785\/0120080282","article-title":"Five Short Historical Earthquake Surface Ruptures near the Silk Road, Gansu Province, China","volume":"100","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"323","article-title":"Holocene Left-Lateral Slip Rate of the Lenglongling Fault, Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2019.106408","article-title":"Examination of the Repeatability of Two Ms6.4 Menyuan Earthquakes in Qilian-Haiyuan Fault Zone (NE Tibetan Plateau) Based on Source Parameters","volume":"299","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"215","article-title":"Coseismic Surface Ruptures and Seismogenic structure of the 2022 Ms6.9 Menyuan Earthquake, Qinghai Province","volume":"96","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"China. Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"330","article-title":"Seismogenic Fault and Coseismic Surface Deformation of the Menyuan Ms6.9 Earthquake in Qinghai","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eqrea.2022.100113","article-title":"Rapid Report of the 8 January 2022 Ms6.9 Menyuan Earthquake, Qinghai, China","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earthq. Res. Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Hu, J., Li, Z., Ma, Z., Shi, J., Xu, W., and Sun, Q. (2022). Three-Dimensional Surface Displacements of the 8 January 2022 Mw6.7 Menyuan Earthquake, China from Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 SAR Observations. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061404"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"887","article-title":"Source Parameters and Slip Distributions of the 2016 and 2022 Menyuan, Qinghai Earthquakes Constrained by InSAR Observations","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, W., He, X., Zhang, Y., Fang, L., Samsonov, S., and Zhang, P. (2022). Seismic Faults of the 2022 Mw6.6 Menyuan, Qinghai Earthquake and Their Implication for the Regional Seismogenic Structures. Chin. Sci. Bull.","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2022-0154"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eqs.2022.01.021","article-title":"Precise Earthquake Sequence Relocation of the January 8, 2022, Qinghai Menyuan Ms6.9 Earthquake","volume":"35","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earthq. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"475","article-title":"Spatial Migration Characteristics of the Aftershock Sequence of the Menyuan, Qinghai Ms6.9 Earthquake in 2022. Chin","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"195","article-title":"Relocation and Focal Mechanism Solutions of the MS6.9 Menyuan Earthquake Sequence on January 8, 2022 in Qinghai Province","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Seismol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L07304","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025546","article-title":"Global Mapping Function (GMF): A New Empirical Mapping Function Based on Numerical Weather Model Data","volume":"33","author":"Boehm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Kouba, J. (2022, September 02). A Guide to Using International GNSS Service (IGS) Products. Available online: https:\/\/kb.igs.org\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/201271873-A-Guide-to-Using-the-IGS-Products."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(02)00111-5","article-title":"Computation of deformation induced by earthquakes in a multi-layered elastic crust: FORTRAN programs EDGRN\/EDCMP","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0840040974","article-title":"New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement","volume":"84","author":"Wells","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135","article-title":"Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1785\/0220150255","article-title":"Demonstration of the Cascadia G-FAST geodetic earthquake early warning system for the Nisqually, Washington, earthquake","volume":"87","author":"Crowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"360","article-title":"Three-dimensional velocity structure and seismogenic mechanism of Menyuan MS6.9 earthquake in 2022","volume":"44","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Earthq. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:54Z","timestamp":1760144634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14215378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14215378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}