{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T23:27:01Z","timestamp":1776295621579,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Watershed modelling is crucial for understanding fluctuations in water balance and ensuring sustainable water management. The models\u2019 strength and predictive ability are heavily reliant on inputs such as topography, land use, and climate. This study mainly focuses on quantifying the uncertainty associated with the input sources of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Land Use Land Cover (LULC), and precipitation using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Basin-level modelling is being carried out to analyze the impact of source uncertainty in the prediction of streamflow. The sources for DEM used are National Elevation Dataset (NED)-United States Geological Survey (USGS), Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM), and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), whereas for LULC the sources were the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), Continuous Change Detection Classification (CCDC), and GAP\/LANDFIRE National Terrestrial Ecosystems dataset. Observed monitoring stations (Gage), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellites are the respective precipitation sources. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Coefficient of Determination (R2), Percent Bias (PBIAS), and the ratio of Root Mean Square Error to the standard deviation (RSR) are used to assess the model\u2019s predictive performance. The results indicated that TRMM yielded better performance compared to the CFSR dataset. The USGS DEM performs best in all four case studies with the NLCD and CCDC LULC for all precipitation datasets except Gage. Furthermore, the results show that using a DEM with an appropriate combination can improve the model\u2019s prediction ability by simulating streamflows with lower uncertainties. TheVIKOR MCDM method is used to rank model combinations. It is observed from MCDM analysis that USGS DEM combinations with NLCD\/CCDC LULC attained top priority with all precipitation datasets. Furthermore, the rankings obtained from VIKOR MCDM are in accordance with the validation analysis using SWAT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"5385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Uncertainties in Prediction of Streamflows Using SWAT Model\u2014Role of Remote Sensing and Precipitation Sources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4090-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Chordia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India"}]},{"given":"Urmila R.","family":"Panikkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshan","family":"Srivastav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India"},{"name":"IIT Tirupati Navavishkar I-Hub Foundation, Technology Innovation Hub in Positioning and Precision Technologies, IIT Tirupati Campus, Yerpedu 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8581-3374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riyaaz Uddien","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome \u2018La Sapienza\u2019, 00138 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x","article-title":"Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part i: Model development","volume":"34","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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