{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T15:49:21Z","timestamp":1765295361881,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ESA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The issue of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a widespread problem in most microwave Earth observation missions, and passive instruments are particularly sensitive to RFI. This is the case for SMOS, Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, a satellite of the European Space Agency, which operates in the 1400\u20131427 MHz band, where all emissions are prohibited. Notwithstanding this regulatory framework, SMOS has been affected by RFI all around the world since the beginning of operations in 2010. In the first years of operations, manual detection processes and reporting of RFI to National Regulatory Authorities were in place in order to mitigate the detected sources. After 12 years, a tool called ERMIT (ESA RFI Monitoring and Information Tool) has been developed at ESAC (European Space Astronomy Center). This tool helps the SMOS RFI team in its spectrum monitoring tasks (e.g., RFI monitoring, logging, and reporting) thus allowing it to counteract RFI pollution more efficiently, providing external users with detailed and user-friendly information on the L-band RFI observed by SMOS. The ERMIT tool is now publicly available. This document aims at describing the needs that lead to the development of ERMIT and at presenting the information made available by it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"5387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["SMOS ESA RFI Monitoring and Information Tool: Lessons Learned"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ekhi","family":"Uranga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas para la Defensa de Espa\u00f1a (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla St, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas para la Defensa de Espa\u00f1a (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla St, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas para la Defensa de Espa\u00f1a (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla St, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zenithal Blue Technologies, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Soldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkodis, Beukenlaan St, 125, 5616 VD Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uranga, E., Llorente, A., de la Fuente, A., Daganzo, E., Oliva, R., and Kerr, Y. (August, January 28). Radio Frequency Interference Devices: The SMOS Experience. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2019-2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8900261"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, September 25). Report ITU-R RS.2315-0; Global Survey of Radio Frequency Interference Levels Observed by the Aquarius Scatterometer at 1,260 MHz, and Aquarius and SMOS Radiometers at 1413 MHz. International Telecommunications Union, 2014; ITU RS Series, Remote Sensing Systems; Posted on 7 January 2015. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/pub\/R-REP-RS.2315-2014."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Aschbacher, J. (2022, September 25). The Interference Problem for Passive Sensing on a Global Scale; ITU News Magazine, 2019, No.1; 47\u201353, ISSN 1020\u20134148. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/itunews\/Documents\/2019\/2019-01\/2019_ITUNews01-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, August 25). ITU Radio Regulations. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/pub\/R-REG-RR."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llorente, A., Daganzo, E., Oliva, R., Uranga, E., Kerr, Y., Richaume, P., de la Fuente, A., Martin-Neira, M., and Mecklenburg, S. (2019, January 23\u201326). Lessons Learnt from SMOS RFI Activities after 10 Years in Orbit: RFI Detection and Reporting to Claim Protection and Increase Awareness of the Interference Problem in the 1400\u20131427 MHZ Passive Band. Proceedings of the 2019 RFI Workshop\u2014Coexisting with Radio Frequency Interference (RFI), Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/RFI48793.2019.9111797"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uranga, E., Llorente, A., Oliva, R., de la Fuente, A., Daganzo, E., and Kerr, Y. (2018, January 22\u201327). Monitoring of SMOS RFI Sources in the 1400\u20131427 MHZ Passive Band. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2018-2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8517676"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/a4030155","article-title":"Radio-Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radiometers","volume":"4","author":"Camps","year":"2011","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"143","article-title":"ESAC RFI Survey in the SMOS 1400\u20131427 MHz Passive Band","volume":"740","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Living Planet Symposium 2016"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, September 25). Recommendation ITU-R RS.2106-0. Detection and Resolution of Radio Frequency Interference to Earth Exploration-Satellite Service (Passive) Sensors. (07\/2017), RS Series, Remote Sensing Systems; Posted on 12 March 20178. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/R-REC-RS.2106-0-201707-I."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uranga, E., Llorente, \u00c1., and la Fuente, A.D. (2018, January 26\u201328). Database of Smos RFI Sources in the 1400\u20131427 MHZ Passive Band. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobalSIP.2018.8646378"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:16Z","timestamp":1760144656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14215387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14215387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}