{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:45:54Z","timestamp":1770522354095,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Third Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonmous Region","award":["2022xjkk0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0802"]}]},{"name":"Third Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonmous Region","award":["42001066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001066"]}]},{"name":"Third Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonmous Region","award":["42001067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001067"]}]},{"name":"Third Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonmous Region","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"]}]},{"name":"Third Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonmous Region","award":["20D05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20D05"]}]},{"name":"Third Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonmous Region","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022xjkk0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0802"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42001066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001066"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42001067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001067"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20D05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20D05"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science","award":["2022xjkk0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0802"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science","award":["42001066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001066"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science","award":["42001067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001067"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science","award":["20D05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20D05"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]},{"name":"Open-end Foundation for National Cryosphere Desert Data Center","award":["2022xjkk0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0802"]}]},{"name":"Open-end Foundation for National Cryosphere Desert Data Center","award":["42001066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001066"]}]},{"name":"Open-end Foundation for National Cryosphere Desert Data Center","award":["42001067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001067"]}]},{"name":"Open-end Foundation for National Cryosphere Desert Data Center","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"]}]},{"name":"Open-end Foundation for National Cryosphere Desert Data Center","award":["20D05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20D05"]}]},{"name":"Open-end Foundation for National Cryosphere Desert Data Center","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022xjkk0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0802"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42001066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001066"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42001067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001067"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLCS-ZZ-2022"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["20D05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20D05"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Y2021110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacier mass balance can be regarded as a major direct index of climate variations. In this paper, a geodetic method was used to evaluate the mass balance of Sawir glaciers based on topographic map DEM (Digital Elevation Model), SRTM 30 m DEM, ASTER 30 m DEM, and Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar 10 m DEM between 1959\u20132021, in order to explore the response to climatic alterations. In the case of Muz Taw glacier, the first comprehensive dataset concerning mass-balance readings for the 2014\u20132021 period was provided based on the eight-year consecutive field measurements. The glaciological average mass balance reached \u2013883.4 \u00b1 130 mm a\u20131 during this period. The geodetic mass balance for all glaciers of the Sawir Mountain range was \u22120.43 \u00b1 0.12 m w. e. a\u22121 between 1959 and 2000, and accelerated to \u22120.56 \u00b1 0.13 m w. e. a\u22121 between 2000 and 2021. A comparison of field measurements and remote-sensing approaches for determining the Muz Taw glacier\u2019s mass balance between 2014\u20132021 proves the feasibility of the remote-sensing approach, which involves mass-balance monitoring based on DEMdata. In addition, our findings support the contention that air temperature is the dominant factor for accelerated glacier mass loss and surface elevation change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T09:01:42Z","timestamp":1667120502000},"page":"5406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Increased Mass Loss of Glaciers in the Sawir Mountains of Central Asia between 1959 and 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4409-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changbin","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Feiteng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yanqun","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4803-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4672-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Shujing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Puyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008162107","article-title":"Contribution Potential of Glaciers to Water Availability in Different Climate Regimes","volume":"107","author":"Kaser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234532","article-title":"A Reconciled Estimate of Glacier Contributions to Sea Level Rise: 2003 to 2009","volume":"340","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2016.04.008","article-title":"Glacier fluctuations during the past 2000 years","volume":"149","author":"Solomina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"27","article-title":"Fundamental features of modern glaciers in the Altay Mountain of China: A cast study of Halasi Glacier","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/geoa.12105","article-title":"Inventory of Glaciers in Mongolia, Derived from Landsat Imagery from 1989 to 2011","volume":"97","author":"Kamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"513","article-title":"The responses of glaciers and snow cover to climate change in Xinjing (I): Hydrological effect","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"96","article-title":"Study on recent glacier changes and their impact on water resources in Xinjiang, northwestern China","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0271-9","article-title":"Twenty-first century glacier slowdown driven by mass loss in High Mountain Asia","volume":"12","author":"Dehecq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03436-z","article-title":"Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century","volume":"592","author":"Hugonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Variation of glaciers in the Sawuer Mountain within Chinese territory during 1959\u20132013","volume":"37","author":"Huai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"802","article-title":"Glacier changes in the Sawuer Mountain during 1977\u20132017 and their response to climate change","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Li, Z., Wang, F., and Mu, J. (2021). Spatio\u2013Temporal Changes of Mass Balance in the Ablation Area of the Muz Taw Glacier, Sawir Mountains, from Multi\u2013Temporal Terrestrial Geodetic Surveys. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081465"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"8","article-title":"New statistical figures and distribution feature of glaciers on the various mountains in China","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Shi, Y. (2005). Concise China Glacier Inventory, Shanghai Science Popularization Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-14-2597-2020","article-title":"Applying artificial snowfall to reduce the melting of the Muz Taw Glacier, Sawir Mountains","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2017.10.006","article-title":"Characteristics of a partially debris-covered glacier and its response to atmospheric warming in Mt. Tomor, Tien Shan, China","volume":"159","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission","volume":"45","author":"Farr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2999","article-title":"A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016","volume":"10","author":"Brun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1029\/97RG03139","article-title":"Radar interferometryand its application to changes in the Earth\u2019s surface","volume":"36","author":"Massonnet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2019.1569789","article-title":"Towards automated mapping and monitoring of potentially dangerous glacial lakes in Bhutan Himalaya using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar data","volume":"40","author":"Wangchuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Peters, M. (2021, July 22). How to Use the SNAP API from Python. Available online: https:\/\/senbox.atlassian.net\/wiki\/spaces\/SNAP\/pages\/19300362\/How\u00feto\u00feusetheSNAP\u00feAPI\u00fefrom\u00fePython."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-5-271-2011","article-title":"Co\u2013registration and bias corrections of satellite elevation data sets for quantifying glacier thickness change","volume":"5","author":"Nuth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3189\/002214308787779960","article-title":"Calculation of glacier elevation changes with SRTM: Is there an elevation\u2013dependent bias","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3189\/2012JoG11J175","article-title":"Impact of resolution and radar penetration on glacier elevation changes computed from DEM differencing","volume":"58","author":"Gardelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3189\/002214308785837093","article-title":"Instruments and Methods Glaciological and volumetric mass\u2013balance measurements: Error analysis over 51 years for Glacier de Sarennes, French Alps","volume":"54","author":"Thibert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-5-107-2011","article-title":"Comparison of direct and geodetic mass balances on a multi\u2013annual time scale","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-849-2015","article-title":"The GAMDAM glacier inventory: A quality-controlled inventory of Asian glaciers","volume":"9","author":"Nuimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3189\/172756409787769591","article-title":"Six decades of glacier mass-balance observations: A review of the worldwide monitoring network","volume":"50","author":"Zemp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5551-3","article-title":"Analyses of recent observations of Urumqi Glacier No.1, Chinese Tianshan Mountains","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3189\/172756409787769627","article-title":"Homogenization of long term mass balance time series","volume":"50","author":"Huss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-535-2016","article-title":"Reanalysis of long-term series of glaciological and geodetic mass balance for 10 Norwegian glaciers","volume":"10","author":"Andreassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2018.08.006","article-title":"Detailed comparison of glaciological and geodetic mass balances for Urumqi Glacier No.1, eastern Tien Shan, China, from 1981 to 2015","volume":"155","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-5-349-2011","article-title":"Multi-decadal Mass Loss of Glaciers in the Everest Area (Nepal Himalaya) Derived from Stereo Imagery","volume":"5","author":"Bolch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"35","article-title":"Historical evolution and operational aspects of worldwide glacier monitoring","volume":"Volume 56","author":"Haeberli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Into the Second Century of Worldwide Glacier Monitoring: Prospects and Strategies (Studies and Reports in Hydrology)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1227-2013","article-title":"Reanalysing glacier mass balance measurement series","volume":"7","author":"Zemp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Highlights of the IPCC Working Group I Fifth Assessment Report","volume":"10","author":"Dahe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919051","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.919051","article-title":"Accelerated Shrinkage of Glaciers in the Altai Mountains from 2000 to 2020","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2018.58","article-title":"Mass-balance observations and reconstruction for Haxilegen Glacier No.51, eastern Tien Shan, from 1999 to 2015","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140056","article-title":"Effects of black carbon and mineral dust on glacial melting on the MuzTaw glacier, Central Asia","volume":"740","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:48Z","timestamp":1760144688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14215406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14215406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]}}}