{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T13:45:06Z","timestamp":1769003106053,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (EUMETSAT OSI-SAF)","award":["VS20_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VS20_01"]}]},{"name":"European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (EUMETSAT OSI-SAF)","award":["VS20_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VS20_03"]}]},{"name":"European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (EUMETSAT OSI-SAF)","award":["VS21_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VS21_03"]}]},{"name":"European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (EUMETSAT OSI-SAF)","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"project INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31)","award":["VS20_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VS20_01"]}]},{"name":"project INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31)","award":["VS20_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VS20_03"]}]},{"name":"project INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31)","award":["VS21_03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VS21_03"]}]},{"name":"project INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31)","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The normalized standard deviation (Kp) of the noise that affects scatterometer Normalized Radar Cross-Sections (\u03c30s) plays a key role in the ocean and more in particular coastal wind retrieval procedures and the a posteriori quality control. This paper presents a method based on SeaWinds measurements to estimate Kps. The method computes the standard deviation of the differences between the full-resolution (slice) \u03c30s and the footprint (egg) \u03c30. The results are compared to the median of Kps provided with SeaWinds \u03c30s, showing some non-negligible differences. Kps estimated on non-homogeneous surfaces are larger than those estimated on sea, whereas no differences are appreciated in the provided Kps, which is likely due to the ability of this methodology to account for the effect of the scene variability in the estimates. The presence of inter-slice biases is demonstrated with a trend with the antenna azimuth angle. A multi-collocation slice cross-calibration procedure is suggested for the retrieval stage. Finally, a theoretical model of the distribution of \u03c30s is proposed and used to validate Kps. The results prove the efficacy of this model and that the provided Kps seem to be largely underestimated at low-wind regimes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T09:01:42Z","timestamp":1667120502000},"page":"5444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of Data-Derived SeaWinds Normalized Radar Cross-Section Noise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Grieco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Calata Porta di Massa, 80133 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad","family":"Stoffelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI), Utrechtseweg 297, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Verhoef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI), Utrechtseweg 297, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3798-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jur","family":"Vogelzang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI), Utrechtseweg 297, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Portabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/36.551939","article-title":"Radar backscatter measurement accuracy for a spaceborne pencil-beam wind scatterometer with transmit modulation","volume":"35","author":"Long","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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