{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:06:26Z","timestamp":1773965186616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"European Fund for Regional Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0017\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0017\/17-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A.","award":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0017\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0017\/17-00"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0017\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0017\/17-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article discusses an important issue of railway line construction and maintenance, which fundamentally is the verification of geometric parameters of the railway track. For this purpose, mobile measurements have been performed using a measuring platform with two properly arranged GNSS receivers, which made it possible to determine the base vector of the platform. The measuring functionality of the system was extended by IMU. In this article, the effect of measuring conditions on the accuracy of the results collected from GNSS receivers is analyzed. In particular, the advisability of digital filtering of the recorded coordinates to eliminate disturbances is indicated. The article also presents the possible use of GNSS devices and the IMU unit for determining the direction angle and the longitudinal and lateral inclination angles of the railway track. This makes it possible to verify the track geometry in the horizontal plane by determining the positions of straight sections, circular arcs, and transition curves. It is indicated that the results of measurements are repeatable despite the dynamic interaction between the railway track and the measuring platform. The results confirm the usefulness of the applied GNSS and IMU signal processing method for monitoring the geometrical parameters of the railway track in operating conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T07:06:46Z","timestamp":1667200006000},"page":"5472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Preparatory Railway Track Geometry Estimation Based on GNSS and IMU Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slawomir","family":"Judek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wladys\u0142aw","family":"Koc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Lewi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zak\u0142ad Linii Kolejowych w Gdyni, PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A., Morska Str. 24, 81-333 Gdynia, Poland"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Szumisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomorskie Przedsi\u0119biorstwo Mechaniczno-Torowe sp. z o.o., Sandomierska Str. 19, 80-051 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5454-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Chrostowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Grulkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8380-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Szmagli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9683-7459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Michna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1662-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Karwowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Skibicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Roksana","family":"Licow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tzanakakis, K. 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