{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:25:20Z","timestamp":1760232320080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NOAA","award":["NA19NES4320002","421761264","390683824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA19NES4320002","421761264","390683824"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["NA19NES4320002","421761264","390683824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA19NES4320002","421761264","390683824"]}]},{"name":"Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) of Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","award":["NA19NES4320002","421761264","390683824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA19NES4320002","421761264","390683824"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a potential external calibration reference for spaceborne microwave sounding instruments, accurate and reliable information of lunar disk-averaged radiance at millimeter band are important and fundamental. Based on study for 2-D lunar scans of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on board the NOAA-20 satellite, the lunar radiance spectrum from 23 to 183 GHz at full moon phase has been reported in our previous work. In this study, the performance of a lunar microwave radiative transfer model (RTM) developed by Keihm was investigated (cited as Keihm model in this paper) . By taking the ATMS observations as the reference truth, the surface emissivity in the lunar RTM can be calibrated. The calibrated RTM model was then evaluated by independent satellite observation data sets from AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit) and MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder) instruments on several NOAA satellites. Results show that with the calibrated model, significant improvement can be made to reduce the uncertainties in the lunar microwave RTM simulations at millimeter wavelengths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T08:15:12Z","timestamp":1667376912000},"page":"5501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Calibrated Lunar Microwave Radiative Transfer Model Based on Satellite Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 21042, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5854-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Burgdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6723","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2841997","article-title":"Developing vicarious calibration for microwave sounding instruments by using lunar radiation","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-3467-2016","article-title":"The Moon as a photometric calibration standard for microwave sensors","volume":"9","author":"Burgdorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2504543","article-title":"Microwave Brightness Temperature of the Moon: The Possibility of Setting a Calibration Source of the Lunar Surface","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.08.012","article-title":"The global surface temperatures of the Moon as measured by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","volume":"283","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"ICARUS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JE005387","article-title":"Global regolith thermophysical properties of the Moon from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","volume":"122","author":"Hayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1070\/PU1964v006n06ABEH003615","article-title":"Radio Emission And Nature of The Moon","volume":"6","author":"Krotikov","year":"1964","journal-title":"Soviet Phys. Uspekhi"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(81)90105-6","article-title":"Vertical-Structure Effects on Planetary Microwave Brightness Temperature Measurements: Applications to the Lunar Regolith","volume":"48","author":"Keihm","year":"1981","journal-title":"ICARUS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(82)90017-3","article-title":"Effects of Subsurface Volume Scattering on the Lunar Microwave Brightness Temperature Spectrum","volume":"52","author":"Keihm","year":"1982","journal-title":"ICARUS"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(84)90165-9","article-title":"Interpretation of the Lunar Microwave Brightness Temperature Spectrum: Feasibility of Orbital Heat Flow Mapping","volume":"60","author":"Keihm","year":"1984","journal-title":"ICARUS"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3000230","article-title":"Average Brightness Temperature of Lunar Surface for Calibration of Multichannel Millimeter-Wave Radiometer From 89 to 183 GHz and Data Validation","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.04.009","article-title":"Comparison and evaluation of the Chang\u2019E microwave radiometer data based on theoretical computation of brightness temperatures at the Apollo 15 and 17 sites","volume":"294","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ICARUS"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.3012518","article-title":"2-D Lunar Microwave Radiance Observations From the NOAA-20 ATMS","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"63","article-title":"Microwave thermal radiation from the Moon","volume":"2","author":"Piddington","year":"1949","journal-title":"Aust. J. Sci. Res. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Jaeger, J.C. (1952). The Surface Temperature of the Moon, CSIRO. Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., and Burgdorf, M. (2020). A Study of Lunar Microwave Radiation Based on Satellite Observations. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071129"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"WMO OSCAR (2022, August 29). Space-Based Capabilities-Instruments. Available online: http:\/\/www.wmo-sat.info\/oscar\/instruments."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5501\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:07:15Z","timestamp":1760144835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14215501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14215501","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}}}