{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T14:46:52Z","timestamp":1774882012959,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0203801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0203801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61702529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61702529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61802424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61802424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022RC3070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC3070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFB0203801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0203801"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61702529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61702529"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61802424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61802424"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022RC3070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC3070"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFB0203801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0203801"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61702529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61702529"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61802424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61802424"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022RC3070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC3070"]}]},{"name":"the science and technology innovation program of Hunan Province","award":["2018YFB0203801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0203801"]}]},{"name":"the science and technology innovation program of Hunan Province","award":["61702529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61702529"]}]},{"name":"the science and technology innovation program of Hunan Province","award":["61802424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61802424"]}]},{"name":"the science and technology innovation program of Hunan Province","award":["2022RC3070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC3070"]}]},{"name":"EUMETSAT OSI SAF","award":["2018YFB0203801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0203801"]}]},{"name":"EUMETSAT OSI SAF","award":["61702529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61702529"]}]},{"name":"EUMETSAT OSI SAF","award":["61802424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61802424"]}]},{"name":"EUMETSAT OSI SAF","award":["2022RC3070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC3070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind speed reconciliation across different wind sources is critically needed for extending available satellite wind records in Tropical Cyclones. The deviations between wind references of extremes, such as the moored buoy data and dropsonde wind estimates for guidance on geophysical model function development, are one of the main causes of wind speed differences for wind products, for instance, the overestimation of Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs) relative to ASCAT winds. The study proposes a new wind speed adjustment to achieve mutual adjustment between ASCAT CMOD7 winds and simultaneous SAR wind speeds. The so-called CMOD7D-v2 adjustment is constructed based on the statistical analysis of SAR and ASCAT Tropical Cyclone acquisitions between 2016 and 2021, showing a satisfactory performance in wind speed reconciliation for winds with speeds higher than 14 m\/s. Furthermore, the error characteristics of the CMOD7D-v2 adjustment for Tropical Cyclone winds are analyzed using the Triple Collocation analysis technique. The analysis results show that the proposed wind adjustment can reduce ASCAT wind errors by around 16.0% when adjusting ASCAT winds to SAR wind speeds. In particular, when downscaling SAR winds, the improvement in ASCAT wind errors can be up to 42.3%, effectively alleviating wind speed differences across wind sources. Furthermore, to avoid the impacts of large footprints by ASCAT sensors, wind speeds retrieved from SAR VV signals (acting as a substitute for ASCAT winds) are adjusted accordingly and compared against SAR dual-polarized winds and collocated Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) observations. We find that the bias values of adjusted winds are lower than products from other adjustment schemes by around 5 m\/s at the most extreme values. These promising results verify the plausibility of the CMOD7D-v2 adjustment, which is conducive to SAR and ASCAT wind speed comparisons and extreme wind analysis in Tropical Cyclone cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T03:53:07Z","timestamp":1667447587000},"page":"5535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["SAR and ASCAT Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Reconciliation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Weicheng","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad","family":"Stoffelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Satellite Observations, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaijun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9920-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3798-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jur","family":"Vogelzang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Satellite Observations, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C03006","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003743","article-title":"An improved C-band scatterometer ocean geophysical model function: CMOD5","volume":"112","author":"Hersbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010439","article-title":"Cross-polarization geophysical model function for C-band radar backscattering from the ocean surface and wind speed retrieval","volume":"120","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2699622","article-title":"A hurricane wind speed retrieval model for C-band RADARSAT-2 cross-polarization ScanSAR images","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6746","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2732508","article-title":"Combined co-and cross-polarized SAR measurements under extreme wind conditions","volume":"55","author":"Mouche","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2681806","article-title":"The CMOD7 geophysical model function for ASCAT and ERS wind retrievals","volume":"10","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015056","article-title":"Copolarized and Cross-Polarized SAR Measurements for High-Resolution Description of Major Hurricane Wind Structures: Application to Irma Category 5 Hurricane","volume":"124","author":"Mouche","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Stoffelen, A., Mouche, A.A., Polverari, F., van Zadelhoff, G.J., Sapp, J., Portabella, M., Chang, P., Lin, W., and Jelenak, Z. (2022, May 04). C-band High and Extreme-Force Speeds (CHEFS)\u2014Final Report. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10261\/222000."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcrr.2021.09.002","article-title":"Estimating tropical cyclone surface winds: Current status, emerging technologies, historical evolution, and a look to the future","volume":"10","author":"Knaff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Cyclone Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1995)025<2831:OASOUO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observations and simulations of upper-ocean response to wind events during the ocean storms experiment","volume":"25","author":"Large","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1998)037<1412:SOAHWS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Scatterometer observations at high wind speeds","volume":"37","author":"Zeng","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoffelen, A., Marseille, G.J., Ni, W., Mouche, A., Polverari, F., Portabella, M., Lin, W., Sapp, J., Chang, P., and Jelenak, Z. (2021, January 11\u201316). Hurricane ocean wind speeds. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9554667"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, E.E., Bourassa, M.A., Stoffelen, A., and Bidlot, J.R. (2021). Characterizing Buoy Wind Speed Error in High Winds and Varying Sea State with ASCAT and ERA5. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224558"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapp, J.W., Alsweiss, S.O., Jelenak, Z., Chang, P.S., and Carswell, J. (2019). Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer Wind-Speed Retrieval Improvements. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030214"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4208308","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3189310","article-title":"On dropsonde surface-adjusted winds and their use for the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer wind speed calibration","volume":"60","author":"Polverari","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoffelen, A., Mouche, A.A., Polverari, F., van Zadelhoff, G.J., Sapp, J., Portabella, M., Chang, P., Lin, W., and Jelenak, Z. (2020). An In-Situ Reference for High and Extreme Winds, European Geosciences Union.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-19174"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"4202210","article-title":"On High and Extreme Wind Calibration Using ASCAT","volume":"60","author":"Polverari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2615873","article-title":"Long-term scatterometer wind climate data records","volume":"10","author":"Verhoef","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav9527","article-title":"Multiplatform evaluation of global trends in wind speed and wave height","volume":"364","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, I.R., Kirezci, E., and Ribal, A. (2020). The global wind resource observed by scatterometer. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182920"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-19-0119.1","article-title":"Calibration and cross validation of global ocean wind speed based on scatterometer observations","volume":"37","author":"Ribal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mendeley Data (2022, May 04). Calibration of Reanalysis Data in the Atlantic Ocean Using Satellite Data. Available online: https:\/\/data.mendeley.com\/datasets\/tkf74fy9wh."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, R.M., Gramcianinov, C.B., de Camargo, R., and da Silva Dias, P.L. (2022). Assessment and Calibration of ERA5 Severe Winds in the Atlantic Ocean Using Satellite Data. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194918"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00006.1","article-title":"High-resolution hurricane vector winds from C-band dual-polarization SAR observations","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9011","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50724","article-title":"Assessment of the ASCAT wind error characteristics by global dropwindsonde observations","volume":"118","author":"Chou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-20-0196.1","article-title":"Global scatterometer observations of the structure of tropical cyclone wind fields","volume":"148","author":"Tamizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3317.1","article-title":"A revised model for radial profiles of hurricane winds","volume":"138","author":"Holland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1859","article-title":"Calibration of scatterometer wind speed under hurricane conditions","volume":"38","author":"Ribal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7755","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC03180","article-title":"Toward the true near-surface wind speed: Error modeling and calibration using triple collocation","volume":"103","author":"Stoffelen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHA1232.1","article-title":"Validation of two-dimensional variational ambiguity removal on SeaWinds scatterometer data","volume":"26","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Vogelzang, J. (2014). Estimation of Background Error Correlation Functions, KNMI. Technical Report, NWPSAF-KN-TR-023 Version 1.0."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3349","article-title":"Improvements in Ku-band scatterometer wind ambiguity removal using ASCAT-based empirical background error correlations","volume":"144","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1109\/36.851771","article-title":"ERS scatterometer wind data impact on ECMWF\u2019s tropical cyclone forecasts","volume":"38","author":"Isaksen","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, W., Duan, B., Cao, X., and Leng, H. (2017). Assimilation of sentinel-1 derived sea surface winds for typhoon forecasting. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080845"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duong, Q.P., Langlade, S., Payan, C., Husson, R., Mouche, A., and Malardel, S. (2021). C-band SAR Winds for Tropical Cyclone monitoring and forecast in the South-West Indian Ocean. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12050576"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"CSA (2022, May 04). RadarSat-2. Available online: https:\/\/www.asc-csa.gc.ca\/eng\/satellites\/radarsat2\/what-is-radarsat2.asp."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"ESA (2022, May 04). Sentinel-1. Available online: https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Copernicus\/Sentinel-1\/Introducing_Sentinel-1\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-437-2014","article-title":"Retrieving hurricane wind speeds using cross-polarization C-band measurements","volume":"7","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2631663","article-title":"A hurricane morphology and sea surface wind vector estimation model based on C-band cross-polarization SAR imagery","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"First Quasi-Synchronous Hurricane Quad-Polarization Observations by C-Band Radar Constellation Mission and RADARSAT-2","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"The first Sentinel-1 SAR image of a typhoon","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"OSI SAF\/EARS Winds Team (2022, May 04). ASCAT Wind Product User Manual. Version 1.16. Available online: https:\/\/scatterometer.knmi.nl\/publications\/pdf\/ASCAT_Product_Manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2770","article-title":"On mesoscale analysis and ASCAT ambiguity removal","volume":"142","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-12-4627-2019","article-title":"Description and evaluation of the tropospheric aerosol scheme in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS-AER, cycle 45R1)","volume":"12","author":"Kipling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00211.1","article-title":"Tropical cyclone morphology from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-14-00028.1","article-title":"Improved stepped frequency microwave radiometer tropical cyclone surface winds in heavy precipitation","volume":"31","author":"Klotz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-18-0005.1","article-title":"Off-Nadir SFMR brightness temperature measurements in high-wind conditions","volume":"35","author":"Holbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucci, L.R., O\u2019handley, C., Emmitt, G.D., Zhang, J.A., Ryan, K., and Atlas, R. (2018). Validation of an airborne Doppler wind lidar in tropical cyclones. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124288"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4545","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-20-0005.1","article-title":"Extensive high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data analysis of tropical cyclones: Comparisons with SFMR flights and best track","volume":"148","author":"Combot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095699","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095699","article-title":"Tropical cyclone winds and inflow angle asymmetry from SAR imagery","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5015","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2700942","article-title":"The influence of different spatial resolutions on the retrieval accuracy of sea surface wind speed with C-2PO models using full polarization C-band SAR","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7195","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011149","article-title":"Global C-Band Envisat, RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1 SAR measurements in copolarization and cross-polarization","volume":"120","author":"Mouche","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2867438","article-title":"Developing a subswath-based wind speed retrieval model for Sentinel-1 VH-polarized SAR data over the ocean surface","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Stoffelen, A., and Vogelzang, J. (2018). Wind Bias Correction Guide, EUMETSAT."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1524174","article-title":"Using sentinel-1A SAR wind retrievals for enhancing scatterometer and radiometer regional wind analyses","volume":"40","author":"Bentamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5194\/wes-5-375-2020","article-title":"Europe\u2019s offshore winds assessed with synthetic aperture radar, ASCAT and WRF","volume":"5","author":"Hasager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wind Energy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gade, M., and Stoffelen, A. (2019). An introduction to microwave remote sensing of the Asian Seas. Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94067-0_4"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2022, May 04). IFS Documentation CY47R1\u2014Part III: Dynamics and Numerical Procedures. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\/node\/19747."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Bidlot, J.-R., Prates, F., Ribas, R., Mueller-Quintino, A., Crepulja, M., and Vitart, F. (2022, May 04). Enhancing Tropical Cyclone Wind Forecasts. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\/en\/newsletter\/164\/meteorology\/enhancing-tropical-cyclone-wind-forecasts."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Vogelzang, J., and Stoffelen, A. (2012). Triple collocation. EUTMETSAT Report, KNMI."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC010861","article-title":"ASCAT wind quality under high subcell wind variability conditions","volume":"120","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5160","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2810442","article-title":"Error characterization of sea surface salinity products using triple collocation analysis","volume":"56","author":"Hoareau","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C10033","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JC006640","article-title":"On the quality of high-resolution scatterometer winds","volume":"116","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC017189","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC017189","article-title":"Quadruple Collocation Analysis of In-Situ, Scatterometer, and NWP Winds","volume":"126","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2623862","article-title":"The ASCAT 6.25-km wind product","volume":"10","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2159802","article-title":"Comparison of ocean surface winds from ENVISAT ASAR, MetOp ASCAT scatterometer, buoy measurements, and NOGAPS model","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00001.1","article-title":"Cross-polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar: A new potential measurement technique for Hurricanes","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5535\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:40Z","timestamp":1760144980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14215535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14215535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]}}}