{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:36:44Z","timestamp":1783586204165,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFC3090203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3090203"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFS0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0541"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["202203AC100006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203AC100006"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021KLAS02Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KLAS02Z"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Department of Science and Technology","award":["2021YFC3090203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3090203"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Department of Science and Technology","award":["2022YFS0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0541"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Department of Science and Technology","award":["202203AC100006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203AC100006"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Department of Science and Technology","award":["2021KLAS02Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KLAS02Z"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2021YFC3090203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3090203"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2022YFS0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0541"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["202203AC100006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203AC100006"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2021KLAS02Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KLAS02Z"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding Program of China Meteorological Administration","award":["2021YFC3090203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3090203"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding Program of China Meteorological Administration","award":["2022YFS0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0541"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding Program of China Meteorological Administration","award":["202203AC100006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203AC100006"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding Program of China Meteorological Administration","award":["2021KLAS02Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KLAS02Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study is the first to use the observation data of a fog monitor, a visibility meter, and an automatic weather station to carry out a comprehensive observation experiment from the perspective of microphysics on a severe sea fog process in Beilun District, China, from 14 to 15 June 2021. The results show the following: (1) Temperature is closely related to nucleation, condensation growth, and other processes. The decrease (increase) in temperature is the main reason for the enhancement (weakening) of nucleation and the growth of condensation (evaporation of droplets), which leads to an increase (or decrease) in microphysical quantities, such as droplet number concentration and liquid water content. (2) The average droplet number spectral distribution roughly conforms to the Gamma distribution, and the spectral distribution of the fog process presents a \u201dmulti-peak\u201d structure, with peak diameters of 6 \u03bcm, 12 \u03bcm, 16 \u03bcm, 24 \u03bcm, and 44 \u03bcm. Droplets with a diameter of less than 16 \u03bcm account for 75% of the droplet size distribution. (3) During this sea fog process, three microphysical parameters, namely, number concentration, liquid water content, and average diameter, are all positively correlated in pairs, but the positive correlation between the number concentration and the average diameter is weak. This shows that the condensation nucleation and the condensation growth of droplets are the main processes in this sea fog process and that the collision process occurs but is not the dominant process. The sea fog comprehensive observation experiment provides an important demonstration of the microphysics research of sea fog in the eastern coastal areas of China and provides more reference information for sea fog research and equipment comparisons between different regions. At the same time, it also provides an essential scientific basis for the short-term forecast of sea fog in the future and for the optimization of the microphysical parameters of related models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T03:02:22Z","timestamp":1667790142000},"page":"5604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Analysis of the Microphysical Structure and Evolution Characteristics of a Typical Sea Fog Weather Event in the Eastern Sea of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jianxin","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0090-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fugui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7096-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Meteorological Network and Equipment Support Center, Ningbo 315012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1123-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiangyu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., and Milbrandt, J.A. (2007). Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project. Fog and Boundary Layer Clouds: Fog Visibility and Forecasting, Birkh\u00e4user.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8419-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-008-0353-1","article-title":"Variations in the lower level of the PBL associated with the Yellow Sea fog-new observations by L-band radar","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JD027633","article-title":"Impact of land-sea thermal contrast on the inland penetration of sea fog over the coastal area around the Korean Peninsula","volume":"123","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"The British Maritime Coast Guard Agency (2022, September 04). Navigation in Restricted Visibility. Pilot NoticeMGN 369, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/855852\/MGN_369.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Auckland Regional Council (2011). Harbourmaster Periods of Restricted Visibility, Auckland Regional Council."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bundes Ministerium for Verkehr Baus Office (2012). Operation of Vessels during and Statent Wicklung. German Traffic Regulations for Navigable Maritime Waterways, Bundes Ministerium for Verkehr Baus Office."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/met.5060020307","article-title":"Economic benefits of terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs) for Sydney airport, Australia","volume":"2","author":"Leigh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<1275:TFOMFA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The formation of marine fog and the development of fog-stratus systems along the California coast","volume":"18","author":"Mack","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"581","article-title":"The haar of north-east Scotland","volume":"115","author":"Findlater","year":"1989","journal-title":"QJR Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1","article-title":"The fog remote sensing and modeling field project","volume":"90","author":"Gultepe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-19-0085.1","article-title":"Characterizing and predicting marine fog offshore Newfoundland and Labrador","volume":"35","author":"Isaac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0070.1","article-title":"C-FOG: Life of coastal fog","volume":"102","author":"Fernando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8174-8","article-title":"Fog research in China: An overview","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<1183:TRBVAL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The relationship between visibility and liquid water content in fog","volume":"28","author":"Eldridge","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:MOVRAR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Measurements of visual range and radiation-fog (haze) microphysics","volume":"37","author":"Meyer","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models","volume":"23","author":"Kunkel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1977)016<1056:TMOCCF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The microstructure of California coastal fog and stratus","volume":"16","author":"Goodman","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics","volume":"47","author":"Bott","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-1266-x","article-title":"Microphysical characteristics of sea fog over the east coast of Leizhou Peninsula, China","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","article-title":"Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives","volume":"164","author":"Gultepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6","article-title":"Advances in fog microphysics research in China","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koracin, D., and Dorman, C. (2017). Marine fog: A review on microphysics and visibility prediction. Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"155","article-title":"Microstructures and temporal variation characteristics during a sea fog event along the west coast of the Taiwan Strait","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.104639","article-title":"Dense fog burst reinforcement over Eastern China: A review","volume":"230","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-0017-0","article-title":"On the evolution and structure of a radiation fog event in Nanjing","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Wu, B., Wang, Z., and Hao, T. (2020). Fog droplet size distribution and the interaction between fog droplets and fine particles during dense fog in Tianjin, China. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11030258"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Yi, L., Zhang, S., Shi, X., and Chen, X. (2020). The microphysical properties of a sea-fog event along the west coast of the yellow sea in spring. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040413"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"104","article-title":"Microphysical structure and evolution of a four-day persistent fog event in Nanjing in December 2006","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D7","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010502","article-title":"On the representation of droplet coalescence and autoconversion: Evaluation using ambient cloud droplet size distributions","volume":"114","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(00)00045-4","article-title":"Microphysical observations of warm cumulus clouds in Ceara, Brazil","volume":"54","author":"Costa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50822","article-title":"The microphysical properties of ice fog measured in urban environments of Interior Alaska","volume":"118","author":"Schmitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(92)90005-6","article-title":"Skewness and kurtosis of measured raindrop size distributions","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90066-8","article-title":"Statistical theory of the Marshall-Palmer distribution of raindrops","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"17","article-title":"Microphysical structural characteristics of sea fog in Maoming","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Haiyang Xuebao"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"552","article-title":"A case analysis of the microphysical structure of sea fog in the South China Sea","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"431","article-title":"Formation and microphysical structure of spring sea fog in Zhoushan area","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Haiyang Xuebao"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"157","article-title":"Microphysical characteristics analysis of a spring sea fog process along the coast of southern Fujian","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meteor Mon."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"609","article-title":"Analysis of weather conditions and macro and micro characteristics of coastal fog in Zhanjiang area","volume":"27","author":"Yue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023350917344","article-title":"Droplet concentration and size distribution in haze and fog","volume":"41","author":"Podzimek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Studia Geophys. Geod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6","article-title":"Analysis of the microphysical structure of heavy fog using a droplet spectrometer: A case study","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.03.068","article-title":"A comparison of the parameterization schemes of fog visibility using the in-situ measurements in the North China Plain","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"40","article-title":"Evolution characteristics of water content in sea fog and its relationship with atmospheric horizontal visibility in Maoming area","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Haiyang Xuebao"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"596","article-title":"Microphysical and chemical characteristics of a sea fog in the northwestern South China Sea","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"012014","article-title":"Joint Monitoring and Analysis of Sea Fog Using Dual Visibility Lidar in Ningbo, China","volume":"Volume 2112","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064103","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.60.6.064103","article-title":"Monitoring and analysis of sea fog in an offshore waterway using lidar","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5604\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:11:37Z","timestamp":1760145097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/21\/5604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14215604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14215604","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]}}}