{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T05:52:48Z","timestamp":1773640368703,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41931180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931180"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41971074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971074"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GPDE [2020]20-374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPDE [2020]20-374"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["41931180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931180"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["41971074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971074"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["GPDE [2020]20-374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPDE [2020]20-374"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of environmental constraints on permafrost distribution and characteristics of the remote western Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were seldom reported. Using augmented Noah land surface model, this study aims to elaborate the permafrost characteristics and their relationship with key environmental constraints in the Gaize, a transitional area with mosaic distribution of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground in the western QTP. There were two soil parameter schemes, two thermal roughness schemes, and three vegetation parameter schemes with optimal minimum stomatal resistance established using MODIS NDVI, turbulent flux, and field survey data. Forcing data were extracted from the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) and downscaled to 5 km \u00d7 5 km resolution. Results show that the error of simulated mean annual ground temperatures (MAGT) were less than 1.0 \u00b0C for nine boreholes. The Kappa coefficiency between three types of permafrost and three types of vegetation is 0.654, which indicates the close relationship between the presence of certain vegetation types and the occurrence of certain permafrost types in the Gaize. Permafrost distribution and characteristics of the Gaize are jointly influenced by both altitude and vegetation. The relationship of permafrost with environmental constraints over the Gaize is significantly different from that of the West Kunlun, a western, predominantly permafrost-distributed area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:17:12Z","timestamp":1667895432000},"page":"5610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modelling Permafrost Characteristics and Its Relationship with Environmental Constraints in the Gaize Area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yudan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7930-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuotong","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihai","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwu045","article-title":"Tibetan plateau climate dynamics: Recent research progress and outlook","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. 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