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Due to a lack of effective research methods, the evolution processes and impact mechanisms of the influence ranges of prehistoric cities are still ambiguous. In this study, we chose the Songshan Mountain region for research, which witnessed the origin and development of Chinese civilization. Using GIS spatial analyses such as the \u2018average nearest neighbor\u2019 and \u2018Thiessen polygon\u2019, we explored the spatial-temporal distributions and influence ranges of Neolithic-Bronze Age cities in the region. The roles of human culture and the natural environment in the process were also investigated. The results indicated that the spatial distributions of early cities were random during the Yangshao (7000\u20135000 BP) and Longshan (5000\u20134000 BP) cultures. During the Erlitou culture (3800\u20133500 BP) and Shang Dynasty (3600\u20133046 BP), the spatial distributions changed into dispersed models. During the Zhou Dynasty (3046\u20132256 BP), the spatial distribution model was random again. Correspondingly, the influence range of early cities during the Erlitou culture is the largest, followed by those of the Longshan culture, Yangshao culture, Shang Dynasty, and Zhou Dynasty. This is different from the conventional view that the ancient city\u2019s influence range continuously expands as time advances. Both the natural environment and human culture are believed to impact this evolutional process. Specifically, the Holocene climate variation and the consequent cyclic river downcutting and silting affect the city site selection and thus the spatial-temporal distribution and influence range of early cities. The enfeoffment system occurring during the Erlitou culture should also have played a vital role in this evolution. In general, the natural environment is more important for the spatial distribution and influence range of early cities during Yangshao, Longshan, and Erlitou cultures, while human culture represented by the enfeoffment system plays a dominant role during Shang and Zhou Dynasties when the natural environment is relatively stable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:49:51Z","timestamp":1667904591000},"page":"5631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evolution of Influence Ranges of Neolithic-Bronze Age Cities in the Songshan Mountain Region of Central China Based on GIS Spatial Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Base, International Center on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Base, International Center on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Base, International Center on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anyang Museum, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shugang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Base, International Center on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingli","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanbo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Base, International Center on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Base, International Center on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongji","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Base, International Center on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.08.006","article-title":"Reconstructing settlement evolution from neolithic to Shang dynasty in Songshan mountain area of central China based on self-organizing feature map","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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