{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:15:28Z","timestamp":1765808128966,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"]}]},{"name":"the State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics","award":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"]}]},{"name":"the Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology","award":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"]}]},{"name":"the 2022 Science and Technology Think Tank Young Talent Program","award":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"]}]},{"name":"the PhD early development program of East China University of Technology","award":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangxi Provincial Graduate Innovation Fund Project","award":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904031","42061077","41904002","42104023","42101457","20202BABL213033","SKLGED2021-2-2","DLLJ201905","20220615ZZ07110308","DHBK2018006","YC2021-S615"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To understand the activity of gravity waves (GWs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is of great significance for improving global climate models. Considering that the lower stratosphere is the main level of GWs activity, this paper first established a 14-year 2\u00b0 \u00d7 2\u00b0 longitude\u2013latitude monthly mean GWs model in the lower stratosphere (18~20 km) of the TP by combining post-processed dry temperature profiles provided by the multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) missions: The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) and the Meteorological Operational (METOP) series polar-orbiting meteorological satellites (METOP-A, METOP-B, and METOP-C) from August 2006 to September 2020. Based on this model, this paper analyzed the characteristics of GWs activity around TP and the effects of topography, background wind, and zonal wind on GWs activity and summarized the general process of topographic wave excitation and upward propagation around TP. The spatial distribution of the lower stratospheric GW Ep is highly correlated with the spatial distribution of background wind and the topography of TP during GWs excitation. The GW Ep is obviously filtered by the zero-speed wind. The change in GW Ep is strongly correlated with the change in topography. These phenomena indicate that the GWs of TP are mainly topographic waves. Moreover, the lower stratospheric GW Ep of TP shows that periodic changes are mainly affected by the periodic background wind, and the GW Ep value is larger in February and smaller in August. The large GW Ep in the lower stratosphere of TP is not only related to the GWs strongly generated by the interaction between the strong background wind and the large elevation or large topographic changes but also related to the strong zonal westerly winds that promote the propagation of GWs upward. Multivariable linear regression models were used to reconstruct the lower stratospheric GW Ep over TP based on the background wind and the zonal wind and a goodness of fit of 81.1% was achieved. It indicates that the GW Ep is dominated by the topographic wave over TP in the lower stratosphere and the background wind has a greater influence on the GWs than the zonal wind.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T21:33:02Z","timestamp":1668115982000},"page":"5671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Investigation of the Lower Stratospheric Gravity Wave Activity in Tibetan Plateau Based on Multi-GNSS RO Dry Temperature Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3351-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, No. 148, Guanglan Ave., Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, No. 148, Guanglan Ave., Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1225-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, No. 148, Guanglan Ave., Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, No. 148, Guanglan Ave., Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Haowen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, No. 148, Guanglan Ave., Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Xunqiang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, No. 148, Guanglan Ave., Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Kaiyun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, No. 148, Guanglan Ave., Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanchang 330013, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9707","DOI":"10.1029\/JC086iC10p09707","article-title":"Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown","volume":"86","author":"Lindzen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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