{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1779177075002,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["864337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>All-sky imagers (ASIs) can be used to model clouds and detect spatial variations of cloud attenuation. Such cloud modeling can support ASI-based nowcasting, upscaling of photovoltaic production and numeric weather predictions. A novel procedure is developed which uses a network of ASIs to model clouds and determine cloud attenuation more accurately over every location in the observed area, at a resolution of 50 m \u00d7 50 m. The approach combines images from neighboring ASIs which monitor the cloud scene from different perspectives. Areas covered by optically thick\/intermediate\/thin clouds are detected in the images of twelve ASIs and are transformed into maps of attenuation index. In areas monitored by multiple ASIs, an accuracy-weighted average combines the maps of attenuation index. An ASI observation\u2019s local weight is calculated from its expected accuracy. Based on radiometer measurements, a probabilistic procedure derives a map of cloud attenuation from the combined map of attenuation index. Using two additional radiometers located 3.8 km west and south of the first radiometer, the ASI network\u2019s estimations of direct normal (DNI) and global horizontal irradiance (GHI) are validated and benchmarked against estimations from an ASI pair and homogeneous persistence which uses a radiometer alone. The validation works without forecasted data, this way excluding sources of error which would be present in forecasting. The ASI network reduces errors notably (RMSD for DNI 136 W\/m2, GHI 98 W\/m2) compared to the ASI pair (RMSD for DNI 173 W\/m2, GHI 119 W\/m2 and radiometer alone (RMSD for DNI 213 W\/m2), GHI 140 W\/m2). A notable reduction is found in all studied conditions, classified by irradiance variability. Thus, the ASI network detects spatial variations of cloud attenuation considerably more accurately than the state-of-the-art approaches in all atmospheric conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T21:33:02Z","timestamp":1668115982000},"page":"5685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Analyzing Spatial Variations of Cloud Attenuation by a Network of All-Sky Imagers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas Benedikt","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut f\u00fcr Solarforschung, Paseo de Almer\u00eda, 73, 2, E-04001 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"DLR, Institut f\u00fcr Vernetzte Energiesysteme, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Stra\u00dfe 15, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Chair of Solar Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Linder H\u00f6he, 51147 K\u00f6ln, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut f\u00fcr Solarforschung, Paseo de Almer\u00eda, 73, 2, E-04001 Almeria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bijan","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut f\u00fcr Solarforschung, Paseo de Almer\u00eda, 73, 2, E-04001 Almeria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"St\u00fchrenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR, Institut f\u00fcr Vernetzte Energiesysteme, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Stra\u00dfe 15, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Enrique","family":"Lezaca Galeano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR, Institut f\u00fcr Vernetzte Energiesysteme, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Stra\u00dfe 15, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR, Institut f\u00fcr Vernetzte Energiesysteme, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Stra\u00dfe 15, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Detlev","family":"Heinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR, Institut f\u00fcr Vernetzte Energiesysteme, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Stra\u00dfe 15, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6268-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR, Institut f\u00fcr Vernetzte Energiesysteme, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Stra\u00dfe 15, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kazantzidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pitz-Paal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Solar Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Linder H\u00f6he, 51147 K\u00f6ln, Germany"},{"name":"DLR, Institut f\u00fcr Solarforschung, Linder H\u00f6he, 51147 K\u00f6ln, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2717447","article-title":"Model predictive control of distributed air-conditioning loads to compensate fluctuations in solar power","volume":"8","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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