{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:59:03Z","timestamp":1774079943127,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42075055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KLME202003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLME202003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME), Ministry of Education &amp; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)","award":["42075055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075055"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME), Ministry of Education &amp; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)","award":["KLME202003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLME202003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropospheric ozone is an important atmospheric pollutant as well as an efficient greenhouse gas. Beijing is one of the cities with the most serious ozone pollution. However, long-term date of observed ozone in Beijing are limited. In this paper, we combine the measurements of the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS), ozonesonde observations as well as the recently available ozone monitoring network observations to produce a unique data record of surface ozone (at 14:00 Beijing time) in Beijing from 1995 to 2020. Using this merged dataset, we investigate the variability in surface ozone in Beijing on multiple timescales. The long-term change is primarily characterized by a sudden drop in 2011\u20132012 with an insignificant linear trend during the full period. Based on CAM-chem model simulations, meteorological factors played important roles in the 2011\u20132012 ozone drop. Before and after this sudden drop, ozone levels in Beijing increased significantly by 0.42 \u00b1 0.27 ppbv year\u22121 before 2011 and 0.43 \u00b1 0.41 ppbv year\u22121 after 2013. We also found a substantial increase in the amplitude of the ozone annual cycle in Beijing, which has not been documented in previous studies. This is consistent with ozone increases in summer and ozone decreases in winter. In addition, the results by the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) analysis indicate significant interannual variations in ozone levels in Beijing with different time oscillation periods, which may be associated with natural variabilities and subsequent changes in meteorological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1668399850000},"page":"5726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Long-Term Trends and Interannual Variability in Surface Ozone Levels in Beijing from 1995 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9844-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wuke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME), Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430078, China"},{"name":"Centre for Severe Weather and Climate and Hydro-Geological Hazards, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianchun","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengchu","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Konopka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-7: Stratosphere), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 Julich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Ploeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-7: Stratosphere), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 Julich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-9977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-7: Stratosphere), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 Julich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"},{"name":"Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430078, China"},{"name":"Centre for Severe Weather and Climate and Hydro-Geological Hazards, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jintao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/274855a0","article-title":"The origin of ozone in the troposphere","volume":"274","author":"Fishman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v14i4.9563","article-title":"Global ozone budget and exchange between stratosphere and troposphere","volume":"14","author":"Junge","year":"1962","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D12","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002490","article-title":"Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO","volume":"108","author":"Stohl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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