{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1774922002096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["2021M703194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M703194"]}]},{"name":"B-type Strategic Priority Program of CAS","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]},{"name":"B-type Strategic Priority Program of CAS","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}]},{"name":"B-type Strategic Priority Program of CAS","award":["2021M703194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M703194"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M703194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M703194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present work, the momentum fluxes of gravity wave (GW) around the mesopause are estimated, using the decadal continuous observations by meteor radar at Mohe (53.5\u00b0N, 122.3\u00b0E). Applying the Hocking\u2019s (2005) approach with the modified-composite-day (MCD) analysis, the GW momentum fluxes of short-periods (less than 2 h) are estimated month by month. As the first step, several experiments are designed to evaluate the accuracy and uncertainty in the estimation. The results show that Mohe meteor radar has the ability to give reasonable estimations on the GW momentum fluxes at a height of 82\u201394 km, in which errors are generally less than 5 m2\/s2. The uncertainty induced by different angular information of the detected meteor in each month achieves ~2 m2\/s2. It is inferred that the variability of the GW momentum fluxes over 2 m2\/s2 can be distinguished in the observation. The interannual variation of the estimated GW momentum fluxes show a significant enhancement in 2012, and a depression in 2013, with a fluctuation over \u00b110 m2\/s2 at 82 km. However, no obvious quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) -like signal has been found in the Lomb\u2013Scargle periodogram.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1668399850000},"page":"5729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Decadal Continuous Meteor-Radar Estimation of the Mesopause Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes over Mohe: Capability Evaluation and Interannual Variation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5231-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3379-9392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinan","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Mohe National Geophysical Observatory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuyan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Hanlin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1029\/2001RG000106","article-title":"Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere","volume":"41","author":"Fritts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018653","article-title":"Diurnal variation of gravity wave momentum flux and its forcing on the diurnal tide","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2014.10.002","article-title":"The seasonal cycle of gravity wave momentum flux and forcing in the high latitude northern hemisphere mesopause region","volume":"127","author":"Hibbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2010.07.012","article-title":"Gravity wave momentum fluxes in the MLT\u2014Part I: Seasonal variation at Collm (51.3\u00b0N, 13.0\u00b0E)","volume":"73","author":"Placke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7641","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024463","article-title":"MJO-related intraseasonal variation of gravity waves in the Southern Hemisphere tropical stratosphere revealed by high-resolution AIRS observations","volume":"121","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068599","article-title":"QBO modulation of the mesopause gravity wave momentum flux over Tierra del Fuego","volume":"43","author":"Janches","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD032866","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032866","article-title":"First Lidar Observations of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation-Induced Interannual Variations of Gravity Wave Potential Energy Density at McMurdo via a Modulation of the Antarctic Polar Vortex","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10527-z","article-title":"Quantifying gravity wave forcing using scale invariance","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JA019421","article-title":"The neutral dynamics during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming simulated by different whole atmosphere models","volume":"119","author":"Pedatella","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6383","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00545.1","article-title":"A Comparison between Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes in Observations and Climate Models","volume":"26","author":"Geller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL089557","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089557","article-title":"An 18-Year Climatology of Directional Stratospheric Gravity Wave Momentum Flux From 3-D Satellite Observations","volume":"47","author":"Hindley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D18108","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006883","article-title":"Gravity waves and momentum fluxes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using 430 MHz dual-beam measurements at Arecibo: 2. Frequency spectra, momentum fluxes, and variability","volume":"111","author":"Fritts","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D18107","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006882","article-title":"Gravity waves and momentum fluxes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using 430 MHz dual-beam measurements at Arecibo: 1. Measurements, methods, and gravity waves","volume":"111","author":"Janches","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352703","article-title":"Gravity wave momentum flux in the upper mesosphere derived from OH airglow imaging measurements","volume":"59","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2015.10.018","article-title":"Local time variation of gravity wave momentum fluxes and their relationship with the tides derived from LIDAR measurements","volume":"135","author":"Agner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11683","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-11683-2018","article-title":"Climatology of mesopause region nocturnal temperature, zonal wind and sodium density observed by sodium lidar over Hefei, China (32\u00b0N, 117\u00b0E)","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-23-2433-2005","article-title":"A new approach to momentum flux determinations using SKiYMET meteor radars","volume":"23","author":"Hocking","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D19123","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD013891","article-title":"Southern Argentina Agile Meteor Radar: Initial assessment of gravity wave momentum fluxes","volume":"115","author":"Fritts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L14802","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044086","article-title":"Gravity wave flux retrievals using meteor radars","volume":"37","author":"Vincent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20103","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004752","article-title":"Absolute values of gravity wave momentum flux derived from satellite data","volume":"109","author":"Ern","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-37-581-2019","article-title":"On the evaluation of the phase relation between temperature and wind tides based on ground-based measurements and reanalysis data in the middle atmosphere","volume":"37","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-35-181-2017","article-title":"Large-scale gravity wave perturbations in the mesopause region above Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes during autumnal equinox: A joint study by the USU Na lidar and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model","volume":"35","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1983)040<1321:HDMOMG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"HF Doppler Measurements of Mesospheric Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes","volume":"40","author":"Vincent","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10115","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009089","article-title":"Meteor wind radar observations of gravity wave momentum fluxes and their forcing toward the Mesospheric Semiannual Oscillation","volume":"113","author":"Antonita","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2010.05.007","article-title":"Gravity wave momentum fluxes in the MLT\u2014Part II: Meteor radar investigations at high and midlatitudes in comparison with modeling studies","volume":"73","author":"Placke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, C., Hu, X., Liu, Y., Cheng, X., Yan, Z., and Cai, B. (2020). Seasonal Variations of High-Frequency Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes and Their Forcing toward Zonal Winds in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere over Langfang, China (39.4\u00b0N, 116.7\u00b0E). Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11111253"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-33-1183-2015","article-title":"Multi-year observations of gravity wave momentum fluxes at low and middle latitudes inferred by all-sky meteor radar","volume":"33","author":"Andrioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5684","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JA025285","article-title":"Multiyear Observations of Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes in the Midlatitude Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Region by Meteor Radar","volume":"123","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL089390","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089390","article-title":"Gravity wave source spectra appropriation for mesosphere lower thermosphere using meteor radar observations and GROGRAT model simulations","volume":"47","author":"Pramitha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Let."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2021.03.028","article-title":"Diurnal and seasonal variability of short-period gravity waves at ~40\u00b0 N using meteor radar wind observations","volume":"68","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2009.07.005","article-title":"Atmospheric tides and mean winds in the meteor region over Santa Maria (29.7\u00b0S; 53.8\u00b0W)","volume":"71","author":"Andrioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-31-889-2013","article-title":"Improved analysis of all-sky meteor radar measurements of gravity wave variances and momentum fluxes","volume":"31","author":"Andrioli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JA017976","article-title":"Tidal wind mapping from observations of a meteor radar chain in December 2011","volume":"118","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7184","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JA026510","article-title":"Meteor Radar Estimations of Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes: Evaluation Using Simulations and Observations Over Three Tropical Locations","volume":"124","author":"Pramitha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA022455","article-title":"The 11 year solar cycle signature on wave-driven dynamics in WACCM","volume":"121","author":"Cullens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD035794","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035794","article-title":"Day-To-Day Variability of the MLT DE3 Using Joint Analysis on Observations From TIDI-TIMED and a Meteor Radar Meridian Chain","volume":"127","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JA030076","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JA030076","article-title":"Observations of a Strong Intraseasonal Oscillation in the MLT Region During the 2015\/2016 Winter Over Mohe, China","volume":"127","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9488","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028799","article-title":"Study of Mean Wind Variations and Gravity Wave Forcing Via a Meteor Radar Chain and Comparison with HWM-07 Results","volume":"123","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG000073","article-title":"The quasi-biennial oscillation","volume":"39","author":"Baldwin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"A10312","article-title":"Long-term variability of mean winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at low latitudes","volume":"117","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7622","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024462","article-title":"Climatology and ENSO-related interannual variability of gravity waves in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical stratosphere revealed by high-resolution AIRS observations","volume":"121","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/22\/5729\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:10Z","timestamp":1760145430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/22\/5729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14225729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14225729","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]}}}