{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:30:42Z","timestamp":1760232642321,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42104030","42174055","41962018","20202BABL212016","20212BAB204003","DLLJ202013","DHBK2018004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104030","42174055","41962018","20202BABL212016","20212BAB204003","DLLJ202013","DHBK2018004"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["42104030","42174055","41962018","20202BABL212016","20212BAB204003","DLLJ202013","DHBK2018004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104030","42174055","41962018","20202BABL212016","20212BAB204003","DLLJ202013","DHBK2018004"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology","award":["42104030","42174055","41962018","20202BABL212016","20212BAB204003","DLLJ202013","DHBK2018004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104030","42174055","41962018","20202BABL212016","20212BAB204003","DLLJ202013","DHBK2018004"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of East China University of Technology","award":["42104030","42174055","41962018","20202BABL212016","20212BAB204003","DLLJ202013","DHBK2018004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104030","42174055","41962018","20202BABL212016","20212BAB204003","DLLJ202013","DHBK2018004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The eastern Beijing plain has been suffering severe subsidence for the last decades, mainly associated with the long-term excessive extraction of groundwater resource. Since the end of 2014, the annual water supply in Beijing plain has reached several hundred million cubic meters because of the South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD) Project, which has reduced the groundwater exploitation and changed the status of land subsidence. In this work, we first obtain the current spatiotemporal variations of land subsidence in the eastern Beijing plain by using progressive small baseline subsets (SBAS) InSAR time series analysis method with Sentinel-1 SAR data acquired from July 2015 to December 2021. Then, we analyze the correlations between InSAR-derived subsidence and groundwater level change by applying the cross wavelet method. The results show that two major subsidence zones are successfully detected with the maximum deformation rate of \u2212150 mm\/yr and maximum cumulative deformation of \u2212950 mm. Besides, the ground deformation at different stages from 2016 to 2021 reveal that the area and magnitude of major deformation significantly slow down, even in the regions with severe subsidence, especially in the year of 2017, which is about two years later than the start time of SNWD Project in Beijing. Further, we find the InSAR-derived subsidence lags groundwater level change with about 1\u20132-month lagging time, indicating that the dynamic variation of groundwater level fluctuation may be the main factor affecting the uneven subsidence in the severe subsiding zones. Last, differential subsidence rates are identified at both sides of geological faults, such as Nankou-Sunhe fault and Nanyuan-Tongxian fault, from the observed deformation map, which could be explained that the groundwater flow is blocked when a fault is encountered. These findings can provide significant information to reveal the deformation mechanisms of land subsidence, establish the hydrogeological models and assist decision-making, early warning and hazard relief in Beijing, China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T04:08:40Z","timestamp":1668744520000},"page":"5810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterizing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Land Subsidence after the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Based on Sentinel-1 InSAR Observations in the Eastern Beijing Plain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanping","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2268-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9181-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8549","article-title":"Mapping the global threat of land subsidence","volume":"371","author":"Ezquerro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112161","article-title":"Present-day land subsidence rates, surface faulting hazard and risk in Mexico City with 2014\u20132020 Sentinel-1 IW InSAR","volume":"253","author":"Cigna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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