{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:03:34Z","timestamp":1764785014407,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Research Project of Three-River Headwaters National Park, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the People\u2019s Government of Qinghai Province","award":["LHZX-2020-11","41971041","21JR7RA056","2021kf09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZX-2020-11","41971041","21JR7RA056","2021kf09"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["LHZX-2020-11","41971041","21JR7RA056","2021kf09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZX-2020-11","41971041","21JR7RA056","2021kf09"]}]},{"name":"Sciences and Technology Plan Project of Gansu Province","award":["LHZX-2020-11","41971041","21JR7RA056","2021kf09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZX-2020-11","41971041","21JR7RA056","2021kf09"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center","award":["LHZX-2020-11","41971041","21JR7RA056","2021kf09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZX-2020-11","41971041","21JR7RA056","2021kf09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Condensation and desublimation are important processes of nocturnal land\u2013atmosphere interactions, energy transfer, and the water cycle, and have important ecological and hydrological roles in mitigating physiological water deficits caused by low temperatures and reducing the risk of frost damage to plants, animals, and microorganisms near the surface in the Alpine Region. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of condensation and desublimation from 1950 to 2020 based on Penman model using hourly ERA5-Land and ERA5 reanalysis datasets on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau (QTP), where condensation and desublimation occur frequently but lack quantitative evaluation. The results showed that: (1) Condensation showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest, with annual mean condensation ranging from 0 mm to 72.8 mm, while desublimation showed regional enrichment rather than zonal variation, with the annual mean desublimation ranging from 0 mm to 23.6 mm; (2) At 95% confidence level, condensation showed a significant increasing trend in the central and western QTP, while desublimation showed a significant decreasing trend in most regions of the QTP, and the decreasing trend of desublimation was more obvious than the increasing trend of condensation; (3) Both condensation and desublimation showed significant seasonal characteristics; the maximum monthly condensation was 2.37 mm and the monthly mean condensation was 0.70 mm, while the maximum monthly desublimation was 1.45 mm and the monthly mean desublimation was 0.95 mm; (4) The annual mean condensation was 8.45 mm, with an increasing trend of 0.24 mm\/10a, the annual mean desublimation was 11.45 mm, with a decreasing trend of \u22120.26 mm\/10a, and the total annual mean condensation and desublimation was 19.89 mm, with a weak decreasing trend on the QTP; (5) The increase in condensation is most associated with the increase in precipitation, while the decrease in desublimation is most associated with the increase in air temperature on the QTP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T04:08:40Z","timestamp":1668744520000},"page":"5815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of the Spatial and Temporal Variations of Condensation and Desublimation over the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau Based on Penman Model Using Hourly ERA5-Land and ERA5 Reanalysis Datasets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6305-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilian Alpine Ecology and Hydrology Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2073-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rensheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilian Alpine Ecology and Hydrology Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8412-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuntan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilian Alpine Ecology and Hydrology Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilian Alpine Ecology and Hydrology Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2005.09.004","article-title":"Dew formation and water vapor adsorption in semi-arid environments\u2014A review","volume":"65","author":"Agam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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