{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:32:16Z","timestamp":1760232736765,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xinjiang Meteorological Bureau Research Fund","award":["YD202205","MS201908","2021-45","2021-49","2018YFC1507105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD202205","MS201908","2021-45","2021-49","2018YFC1507105"]}]},{"name":"Flexible Talents Introducing Project of Xinjiang","award":["YD202205","MS201908","2021-45","2021-49","2018YFC1507105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD202205","MS201908","2021-45","2021-49","2018YFC1507105"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YD202205","MS201908","2021-45","2021-49","2018YFC1507105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YD202205","MS201908","2021-45","2021-49","2018YFC1507105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work describes the implementation of an updated radar reflectivity assimilation scheme with the three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) system of Weather Research and Forecast (WRF). The updated scheme, instead of the original scheme assuming the relative humidity to a fixed value where radar reflectivity is higher than a threshold, assimilates pseudo water vapor retrieved by the Bayesian method, which would be consistent with clouds\/precipitations provided by the model in theory. To verify the effect of the updated scheme to the improvement of precipitation simulation, a convective case in Wenquan County and the continuous monthly simulation with contrasting experiments in Xinjiang were performed. The test of single reflectivity observation demonstrates that the water vapor retrieved by the Bayesian method is consistent with the meteorological situation around. In the convective case, both the updated and original scheme results show that the assimilation of pseudo water vapor can adjust to the environmental conditions of water vapor and temperature. This can improve the hourly precipitation forecast skill more than the contrasting experiment, which was designed to only assimilate conventional observations and radar radial velocity data. In the continuous monthly experiments, the updated scheme reveals that the analysis of water vapor is more reasonable, and obtains a better precipitation forecast skill for 6 h accumulated precipitation than the contrasting experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T03:13:41Z","timestamp":1669086821000},"page":"5897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assimilation of Water Vapor Retrieved from Radar Reflectivity Data through the Bayesian Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8339-293X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of CMA, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tree-Ring Physical and Chemical Research, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuiyong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7335-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamtimin","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of CMA, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tree-Ring Physical and Chemical Research, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huoqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of CMA, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tree-Ring Physical and Chemical Research, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2386-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of CMA, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tree-Ring Physical and Chemical Research, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of CMA, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tree-Ring Physical and Chemical Research, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ailiyaer","family":"Aihaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of CMA, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tree-Ring Physical and Chemical Research, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1997)054<1642:DAMRFD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dynamical and microphysical retrieval from Doppler radar observations using a cloud model and its adjoint. 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