{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:31:24Z","timestamp":1760232684574,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42201352","30922010311","42001318","2020GXNSFBA297105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201352","30922010311","42001318","2020GXNSFBA297105"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201352","30922010311","42001318","2020GXNSFBA297105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201352","30922010311","42001318","2020GXNSFBA297105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201352","30922010311","42001318","2020GXNSFBA297105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201352","30922010311","42001318","2020GXNSFBA297105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Natural Science Youth Fund","award":["42201352","30922010311","42001318","2020GXNSFBA297105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201352","30922010311","42001318","2020GXNSFBA297105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural rough surfaces have inherent multiscale roughness. This article presents the modeling and analysis of microwave emission from a multiscale soil surface. Unlike the linear superposition of different correlation functions with various correlation lengths, we applied the frequency modulation concept to characterize the multiscale roughness, in which the modulation does not destroy the surface\u2019s curvature but only modifies it. The multiscale effect on emission under different observation geometries and surface parameters was examined using an AIEM model. The paper provides new insights into the dependence of polarized emissivity on multiscale roughness: V-polarized emissivity is much less sensitive to multiscale roughness across the moisture content from dry to wet (5\u201330%). The H-polarized is sensitive to multiscale roughness, especially at higher moisture content. The predicted emissivity will have considerable uncertainty, even for the same baseline correlation length, without accounting for the multiscale roughness effect. V-polarized emissivity is less sensitive to the multiscale effect than H-polarized and the higher modulation ratio indicates larger emissivity. The higher modulation ratio indicates larger emissivity. Multiscale roughness weakens the polarization difference, particularly in higher moisture conditions. In addition, ignoring the multiscale effect leads to underestimated emissivity to a certain extent, particularly at the larger RMS height region. Finally, when accounting for multiscale roughness, model predictions of emission from a soil surface are in good agreement with two independently measured data sets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T03:13:41Z","timestamp":1669086821000},"page":"5899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modeling and Analysis of Microwave Emission from Multiscale Soil Surfaces Using AIEM Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7698-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Shan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-5376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Sensing Laboratory, Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1983.tb01057.x","article-title":"Multiscale sources of spatial variation in soil. 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