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Engineering and Technology","award":["AC20238007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC20238007"]}]},{"name":"The Center of National Railway Intelligent Transportation System Engineering and Technology","award":["2021YJ194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YJ194"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals are affected by refraction when traveling through the troposphere, which result in tropospheric delay. Generally, the tropospheric delay is estimated as an unknown parameter in GNSS data processing. With the increasing demand for GNSS real-time applications, high-precision tropospheric delay augmentation information is vital to speed up the convergence of PPP. In this research, we estimate the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) from 2018 to 2019 by static precise point positioning (PPP) using the fixed position mode; GNSS observations were obtained from the National Geomatics Center of China (NGCC). Firstly, ZTD outliers were detected, and data gaps were interpolated using the K-nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN). Secondly, The ZTD differences between the KNN and periodic model were employed as input datasets to train the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. Finally, LSTM forecasted ZTD differences and the ZTD periodic signals were combined to recover the final forecasted ZTD results. In addition, the forecasted ZTD results were applied in static PPP as a prior constraint to reduce PPP convergence time. Numerical results show that the average root-mean-square error (RMSE) of predicting ZTD is about 1 cm. The convergence time of the PPP which was corrected by the LSTM-ZTD predictions is reduced by 13.9, 22.6, and 30.7% in the summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, over GPT2-ZTD corrected PPP and unconstrained conventional PPP for different seasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T02:54:05Z","timestamp":1669258445000},"page":"5921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Tropospheric Zenith Delay Forecasting Model Based on a Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network and Its Impact on Precise Point Positioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5043-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7723-4601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoqian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Defu","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10187","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB08p10187","article-title":"Carrier phase ambiguity resolution for the Global Positioning System applied to geodetic baselines up to 2000 km","volume":"94","author":"Blewitt","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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