{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T19:15:26Z","timestamp":1782242126085,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["42261026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261026"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["41971094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971094"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["42161025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42161025"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["42101096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101096"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["2022A-041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-041"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["20JR10RA443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR10RA443"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Innovation Foundation of Education Department of Gansu Province","award":["42261026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261026"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Innovation Foundation of Education Department of Gansu Province","award":["41971094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971094"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Innovation Foundation of Education Department of Gansu Province","award":["42161025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42161025"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Innovation Foundation of Education Department of Gansu Province","award":["42101096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101096"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Innovation Foundation of Education Department of Gansu Province","award":["2022A-041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-041"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Innovation Foundation of Education Department of Gansu Province","award":["20JR10RA443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR10RA443"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["42261026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42261026"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["41971094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971094"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["42161025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42161025"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["42101096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101096"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2022A-041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-041"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["20JR10RA443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR10RA443"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water use efficiency of vegetation (WUE), the ratio of carbon gain to water loss, is a valid indicator to describe the photosynthetic carbon\u2013water coupling relationship. Understanding how and why WUE changes are essential for regional ecological conservation. However, the impacts of various factors and their interactions on the spatial variation of WUE remain uncertain in the arid land of Northwest China. Here, we selected the Qilian Mountains (QM) and Hexi Corridor (HC) as the study areas. Supported by the Google Earth Engine, we explored the spatio-temporal variations of WUE in QM and HC for 2002\u20132021 using STL decomposition (a seasonal-trend decomposition procedure), trend analysis, and the Hurst index. Then, the Geodetector method was applied to quantify impacts of geographical and eco-meteorological factors on the spatial variation of WUE. The WUE in HC was higher than that in QM. Interestingly, the opposite longitude zonality characteristics are shown in the QM and HC. In QM, the WUE showed an upward trend with longitude increasing, while a downward trend with longitude increasing in the oases of HC. The WUE of cropland was the highest (1.15 \u00b1 0.35 gC kg\u22121 H2O), and that of alpine vegetation was the lowest (0.2 \u00b1 0.15 gC kg\u22121 H2O). WUE showed a decreasing trend across the study area, almost certainly due to a drop from May to July during 2002\u20132021. The air temperature is the dominant factor influencing the spatial variation of WUE. In addition, the interaction of any two factors is greater than the independent influence of either factor alone. The Geodetector method proved to be effective for quantifying the impact of complex multi-factors on the spatial variation of WUE. This study provides a new technical scheme to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern and quantify the impact of multi-factors on the spatial variation of WUE. These findings aid in understanding underlying mechanisms of WUE variation and thereby will be beneficial for clarifying the response of vegetation to climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T02:54:05Z","timestamp":1669258445000},"page":"5926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quantifying the Spatio-Temporal Variations and Impacts of Factors on Vegetation Water Use Efficiency Using STL Decomposition and Geodetector Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yikun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210154812","article-title":"Temporal responses of NDVI to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains, USA","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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