{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:31:26Z","timestamp":1760232686381,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China","award":["LQ20D050001","42105004","2020QDL015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ20D050001","42105004","2020QDL015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ20D050001","42105004","2020QDL015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ20D050001","42105004","2020QDL015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hangzhou Normal University","award":["LQ20D050001","42105004","2020QDL015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ20D050001","42105004","2020QDL015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cloud-resolving model (CRM) results from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) were applied to analyze the diurnal cycle of cloud development in the tropics. Cloud development is intimately associated with the growth of secondary circulation, which can be analyzed in the budget of perturbation kinetic energy (PKE). The ice and liquid water path (IWP+LWP) is a fundamental parameter for estimating clouds, with the analyzed results suggesting that (1) the ice and liquid water path (IWP+LWP) and PKE values attained in convective regions were higher during the nighttime than during the daytime and that the maxima of IWP+LWP and PKE occurred at midnight in the lower troposphere in the 3D model run, and that (2) the IWP+LWP and PKE values in stratiform regions were much higher in the afternoon than in the morning, while the maxima of IWP+LWP and PKE occurred in the afternoon in the middle troposphere in the 2D model run. Further analysis demonstrated that both the high IWP+LWP and PKE values in the lower troposphere at midnight were mainly associated with the warm\u2013humid lower troposphere in convective regions. However, those in the middle troposphere in the afternoon were primarily linked to the dry\u2013cold upper troposphere and moist\u2013warm lower troposphere in stratiform regions. The results further revealed that (1) both IWP+LWP and PKE exhibited shorter time scales in the 2D model runs than in the 3D model runs and that (2) the maximum IWP+LWP values occurred in the afternoon in the 2D model runs and at midnight in the 3D model runs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T03:00:13Z","timestamp":1669345213000},"page":"5955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Simulation of the Diurnal Cycle of a Precipitation System during KWAJEX by 2D and 3D Cloud-Resolving Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9682-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tangao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiapeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dengrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0676-z","article-title":"Urbanization exacerbated the rainfall and flooding caused by hurricane Harvey in Houston","volume":"563","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02469","article-title":"Impacts of land surface model and land use data on WRF model simulations of rainfall and temperature over Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Teklay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13992","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL083452","article-title":"Variations in the Intensity and Spatial Extent of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation","volume":"46","author":"Touma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. 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