{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T13:56:35Z","timestamp":1784382995546,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62203475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62203475"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JJ30878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["62203475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62203475"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2021JJ30878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30878"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground penetration radar (GPR) technology has received in-depth analysis and rapid development in the field of civil engineering. GPR data analysis is one of the basic and challenging problems in this field. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive survey of the progress from 2015 to the present in GPR scanning tasks. More than 130 major publications are cited in this research covering different aspects of the research, including advanced data processing methods and a wide variety of applications. First, it briefly introduces the data collection of the GPR system and discusses the signal complexity in simulated\/real scenes. Then, it reviews the main signal processing techniques used to interpret the GPR data. Subsequently, the latest GPR surveys are considered and divided according to four application domains, namely bridges, road pavements, underground utilities, and urban subsurface risks. Finally, the survey discusses the open challenges and directions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1669618890000},"page":"5972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Review of GPR Activities in Civil Infrastructures: Data Analysis and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0928-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feifei","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyue","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2017.04.002","article-title":"A review of Ground Penetrating Radar application in civil engineering: A 30-year journey from Locating and Testing to Imaging and Diagnosis","volume":"96","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ndt E Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-018-9475-1","article-title":"Global research patterns on ground penetrating radar (GPR)","volume":"39","author":"Gizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. 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