{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:33:26Z","timestamp":1760232806966,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42104114","42130807","SKLGED2022-5-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104114","42130807","SKLGED2022-5-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42104114","42130807","SKLGED2022-5-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104114","42130807","SKLGED2022-5-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reverse-time migration of multiples can generate imaging results with wider illumination, higher folds, and broader wavenumber spectra than the conventional migration of primaries. However, the results of the migration of multiples retain heavy crosstalks generated by interactions between unrelated multiples, thereby seriously degrading imaging qualities. To eliminate such crosstalks, we propose a least-squares optimized algorithm of multiples. In this method, different-order water-column multiples and water-bottom-related multiples are extracted using multiple decomposition strategies before migration procedures. The proposed method treats the nth-order water-column multiples as virtual sources for Born modeling to produce the predicted (n+1)th-order water-bottom-related multiples. In each iteration, the gradients are calculated by crosscorrelating the forward-propagated nth-order water-column multiples with the backward-propagated seismic residuals between the observed and predicted (n+1)th-order water-bottom-related multiples. The developed approach is referred to as the least-squares reverse-time migration of water-bottom-related multiples (LSRTM-WM). Numerical experiments on a layered model and the Pluto 1.5 model demonstrate that LSRTM-WM can significantly remove crosstalks and considerably improve spatial resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1669618890000},"page":"5979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Least-Squares Reverse-Time Migration of Water-Bottom-Related Multiples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanbao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yike","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2052471","article-title":"Least-squares joint imaging of multiples and primaries","volume":"70","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2422796","article-title":"Prestack depth migration of primary and surface-related multiple reflections: Part I-Imaging","volume":"72","author":"Muijs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2478.12006","article-title":"Imaging by forward propagating the data: Theory and application","volume":"61","author":"Zuberi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. 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