{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:56:28Z","timestamp":1774493788226,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41905097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZKT201801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZKT201801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZQC-R19176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQC-R19176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation of Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters","award":["41905097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905097"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters","award":["SZKT201801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZKT201801"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters","award":["ZQC-R19176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQC-R19176"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cloud Physics of Chinese Meteorological Administration, and Northwest Weather Modification Capabilities Development Program","award":["41905097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905097"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cloud Physics of Chinese Meteorological Administration, and Northwest Weather Modification Capabilities Development Program","award":["SZKT201801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZKT201801"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cloud Physics of Chinese Meteorological Administration, and Northwest Weather Modification Capabilities Development Program","award":["ZQC-R19176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQC-R19176"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work evaluates and compares the performance of the radar reflectivity and lightning data assimilation schemes implemented in weather research and forecasting-four-dimensional data assimilation (WRF-FDDA) for short-term precipitation and lightning forecasts. All six mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) with a duration greater than seven hours that occurred in the Guangdong Province of China during June 2020 were included in the experiments. The results show that both the radar reflectivity data assimilation and lightning data assimilation improved the analyses and short-term forecasts of the precipitation and lightning of the MCSs. On average, for precipitation forecasts, the experiments with radar reflectivity data assimilation performed better than those with lightning data assimilation; however, for lightning forecasts, the experiments with lightning data assimilation performed better in the analysis period and 1 h forecast, and for some cases, the superiority lasted to three forecast hours. This highlights the potential of lightning data assimilation in short-term lightning forecasting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1669618890000},"page":"5980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparison of the WRF-FDDA-Based Radar Reflectivity and Lightning Data Assimilation for Short-Term Precipitation and Lightning Forecasts of Severe Convection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Haoliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center (PREMIC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangqi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center (PREMIC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5027-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center (PREMIC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center (PREMIC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222222.1","article-title":"A Comparison of Precipitation Forecast Skill between Small Convection-Allowing and Large Convection-Parameterizing Ensembles","volume":"24","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00278.1","article-title":"The Implementation of an Explicit Charging and Discharge Lightning Scheme within the WRF-ARW Model: Benchmark Simulations of a Continental Squall Line, a Tropical Cyclone, and a Winter Storm","volume":"141","author":"Fierro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. 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