{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T11:55:36Z","timestamp":1773316536755,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-06101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-06101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["543360-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["543360-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a new mathematical approach to downscale monthly terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and estimates groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) at a daily temporal resolution and a spatial resolution of 0.25\u00b0 \u00d7 0.25\u00b0, simultaneously. The method combines monthly 3\u00b0 GRACE gravity models and daily 0.25\u00b0 hydrological model outputs and their uncertainties in the spectral domain by minimizing the mean-square error (MSE) of their estimator to enhance the quality of both low and high frequency signals in the estimated TWSA and GWSA. The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) was the hydrological model considered in this study. The estimator was tested over Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Canada), especially over the Province of Alberta, using data from 65 in-situ piezometric wells for 2003. Daily minimum and maximum GWS varied from 14 mm to 32 mm across the study area. A comparison of the estimated GWSA with the corresponding in-situ wells showed significant and consistent correlations in most cases, with r = 0.43\u20130.92 (mean r = 0.73). Correlations were &gt;0.70 for approximately 70% of the wells, with root mean square errors &lt;24 mm. These results provide evidence for using the proposed spectral combination estimator in downscaling GRACE data on a daily basis at a spatial scale of 0.25\u00b0 \u00d7 0.25\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1669618890000},"page":"5991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A New Spatiotemporal Estimator to Downscale GRACE Gravity Models for Terrestrial and Groundwater Storage Variations Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0666-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzam","family":"Fatolazadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9omatique Appliqu\u00e9e, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Eshagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9omatique Appliqu\u00e9e, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Science, University West, 46186 Trollh\u00e4ttan, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6992-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalifa","family":"Go\u00efta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9omatique Appliqu\u00e9e, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1860-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shusen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y7, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2022.105340","article-title":"Improving groundwater storage change estimates using time-lapse gravimetry with Gravi4GW","volume":"150","author":"Halloran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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