{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:24:10Z","timestamp":1782847450710,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC1523401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC1523401"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["20220101148JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101148JC"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["6142414211606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142414211606"]}]},{"name":"the Technology Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["2021YFC1523401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC1523401"]}]},{"name":"the Technology Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["20220101148JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101148JC"]}]},{"name":"the Technology Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["6142414211606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142414211606"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory","award":["2021YFC1523401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC1523401"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory","award":["20220101148JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101148JC"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory","award":["6142414211606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142414211606"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For water dynamics investigation in unsaturated (vadose) zones, ground penetrating radar is a popular hydro-geophysical method because it is non-invasive for soil, has high resolution and the results have a direct link with water content. Soil water content and soil hydraulic properties are two key factors for describing the water dynamics in vadose zones. There has been tremendous progress in soil water content and soil hydraulic properties estimation with ground penetrating radar. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of ground penetrating radar for soil water dynamics studies. This paper first summarizes various methods for the determination of soil water content. including traditional methods in the surveys of surface ground penetrating radar, borehole ground penetrating radar, and off-ground ground penetrating radar, as well as relatively new methods, such as full waveform inversion, the average envelope amplitude method, and the frequency shift method. This paper further provides a review for estimating soil hydraulic properties with GPR according to the types of ground penetrating radar data. We hope that this review can provide a reference for the application of ground penetrating radar in soil water dynamics studies in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1669618890000},"page":"5993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Review of Ground Penetrating Radar Applications for Water Dynamics Studies in Unsaturated Zone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2745-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"ITES UMR-7063, EOST, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7451-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksim","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITES UMR-7063, EOST, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiting","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoqiu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5196-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zejun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vzj2014.2010.0142","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2014.10.0142","article-title":"Critical Zone Services: Expanding Context, Constraints, and Currency beyond Ecosystem Services","volume":"14","author":"Field","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Council, N.R. 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