{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:24:43Z","timestamp":1784939083358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2021GG0024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0024"]}]},{"name":"The Introduction and Re-Innovation of The Japanese AgriLook System by Science and Technology Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2021GG0024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil salinization is a widespread environmental hazard and a major abiotic constraint affecting global food production and threatening food security. Salt-affected cropland is widely distributed in China, and the problem of salinization in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID) in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is particularly prominent. The salt-affected soil in Inner Mongolia is 1.75 million hectares, accounting for 14.8% of the total land. Therefore, mapping saline cropland in the irrigation district of Inner Mongolia could evaluate the impacts of cropland soil salinization on the environment and food security. This study hypothesized that a reasonably accurate regional map of salt-affected cropland would result from a ground sampling approach based on PlanetScope images and the methodology developed by Sentinel multi-sensor images employing the machine learning algorithm in the cloud computing platform. Thus, a model was developed to create the salt-affected cropland map of HID in 2021 based on the modified cropland base map, valid saline and non-saline samples through consistency testing, and various spectral parameters, such as reflectance bands, published salinity indices, vegetation indices, and texture information. Additionally, multi-sensor data of Sentinel from dry and wet seasons were used to determine the best solution for mapping saline cropland. The results imply that combining the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data could map the soil salinity in HID during the dry season with reasonable accuracy and close to real time. Then, the indicators derived from the confusion matrix were used to validate the established model. As a result, the combined dataset, which included reflectance bands, spectral indices, vertical transmit\u2013vertical receive (VV) and vertical transmit\u2013horizontal receive (VH) polarization, and texture information, outperformed the highest overall accuracy at 0.8938, while the F1 scores for saline cropland and non-saline cropland are 0.8687 and 0.9109, respectively. According to the analyses conducted for this study, salt-affected cropland can be detected more accurately during the dry season by using just Sentinel images from March to April. The findings of this study provide a clear explanation of the efficiency and standardization of salt-affected cropland mapping in arid and semi-arid regions, with significant potential for applicability outside the current study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1669618890000},"page":"6010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Generating Salt-Affected Irrigated Cropland Map in an Arid and Semi-Arid Region Using Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deji","family":"Wuyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing Engineering Technology in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Institute of Rural Economic and Information, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China"},{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing Engineering Technology in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Institute of Rural Economic and Information, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Guilherme Teixeira","family":"Crusiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Soja (National Soybean Research Center-Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), Londrina 86001-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuya","family":"Wulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing Engineering Technology in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Institute of Rural Economic and Information, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2631-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangrong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqiang","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing Engineering Technology in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Institute of Rural Economic and Information, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Resources, Environment, Sustainable Development, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anhong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2016.06.0368","article-title":"Soil Salinity: A Threat to Global Food Security","volume":"108","author":"Butcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanavelu, A., Naganna, S.R., and Al-Ansari, N. 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