{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:22:26Z","timestamp":1775737346149,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon","award":["825395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825395"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon","award":["D65-7390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D65-7390"]}]},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Wallonne (Belgium)","award":["825395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825395"]}]},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Wallonne (Belgium)","award":["D65-7390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D65-7390"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we analysed the effect of trench-hill soil surface on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) full-wave inversion for soil moisture measurement. We conducted numerical experiments by modelling the trench-hill surface using finite-difference time\u2013domain (FDTD) simulations. The FDTD simulations were carried out with the open-source software gprMax, using different centre frequencies, namely, 150 MHz, 250 MHz and 450 MHz. The gprMax source\/receiver for each centre frequency was calibrated, respectively, to transform the FDTD radar signal to normalized Green\u2019s functions for wave propagation in multilayered media. The radar signals and inversion results of the three different frequency ranges are compared. The FDTD Green\u2019s functions of the trench-hill surface with a flat surface are also compared. The results show that the trench-hill surface only slightly affects the inversion when frequency is lower than 190 MHz, which agrees with Rayleigh\u2019s criterion. Field measurements were performed as well, using a prototype radar mounted on an irrigation robot. The low-frequency antenna was calibrated over a large water plane. The optimal operating frequency range was set to 130\u2013190 MHz. TDR measurements were performed as well for comparison. The results demonstrated promising perspectives for automated and real-time determination of the root\u2013zone soil moisture in potato fields, and thereby for precise and automatic irrigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T05:45:22Z","timestamp":1669787122000},"page":"6046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Ground-Penetrating Radar Full-Wave Inversion for Soil Moisture Mapping in Trench-Hill Potato Fields for Precise Irrigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kaijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Desesquelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osiris Agriculture, 59480 Illies, France"}]},{"given":"Rodolphe","family":"Cockenpot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osiris Agriculture, 59480 Illies, France"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9on","family":"Guyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osiris Agriculture, 59480 Illies, France"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Cuisiniez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osiris Agriculture, 59480 Illies, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Lambot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02855308","article-title":"Field performance of potato (Solanum spp.) cuttings in the warm tropics: Influence of planting system, hilling, density and pruning","volume":"65","author":"Escobar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. 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