{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T23:57:04Z","timestamp":1772927824529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council (ERC) DyNET project","award":["H2020-EU.1.1.-770 999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.1.-770 999"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDepartments of Excellence-2018\u201d Program (Dipartimenti di Eccellenza) of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research, DIBAF-Department of University of Tuscia","award":["H2020-EU.1.1.-770 999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.1.1.-770 999"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, increased attention has been devoted to intermittent and ephemeral streams (IRES) due to the recognition of their importance for ecology, hydrology, and biogeochemistry. However, IRES dynamics still demand further research, and traditional monitoring approaches present several limitations in continuously and accurately capturing river network expansion\/contraction. Optical-based approaches have shown promise in noninvasively estimating the water level in intermittent streams: a simple setup made up of a wildlife camera and a reference white pole led to estimations within 2cm of accuracy in severe hydrometeorological conditions. In this work, we investigate whether the shortcomings imposed by adverse illumination can be partially mitigated by modifying this simple stage-cam setup. Namely, we estimate the image-based water level by using both the pole and a larger white bar. Further, we compare such results to those obtained with larger bars painted in the red, green, and blue primary colors. Our findings show that using larger white bars also increases reflections and, therefore, the accuracy in the estimation of the water level is not necessarily enhanced. Likewise, experimenting with colored bars does not significantly improve image-based estimations of the stage. Therefore, this work confirms that a simple stage-cam setup may be sufficient to monitor IRES dynamics, suggesting that future efforts may be rather focused on including filters and polarizers in the camera as well as on improving the performance of the image processing algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T05:45:22Z","timestamp":1669787122000},"page":"6064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessing the Optimal Stage-Cam Target for Continuous Water Level Monitoring in Ephemeral Streams: Experimental Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5176-3492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Tauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-6383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Noto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Botter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5715-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2390","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.2390","article-title":"Drought in intermittent river and ephemeral stream networks","volume":"15","author":"Sarremejane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR027282","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR027282","article-title":"The stream length duration curve: A tool for characterizing the time variability of the flowing stream length","volume":"56","author":"Botter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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