{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:32:48Z","timestamp":1760232768639,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Research Fund of CAMS","award":["2020R002","41805023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R002","41805023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R002","41805023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R002","41805023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anhui Meteorological Burea","award":["2020R002","41805023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R002","41805023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The statistical characteristics of precipitation microphysics in lightning clouds are not yet fully understood, as a result of the limitations of traditional observational methods. Using the latest observations from the dual-frequency radar and microwave imager onboard the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) and ground-based lightning observations, the precipitation microphysics of precipitation features with and without lightning (LPFs and NLPFs) was investigated across four typical regions of China in summer during the time period of 2014\u20132021. The statistical results show that the LPFs are characterized by smaller concentration and larger mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) for rain and ice hydrometeors than those of NLPFs. Below the melting layer, the radar reflectivity (Ze) for both the LPFs and NLPFs generally decreases toward the surface, indicating the evaporation or strong break-up of rain hydrometeors. Above the melting layer, the Ze values mainly increase as the altitudes decrease for both LPFs and NLPFs, indicating the rimming, aggregation, or deposition processes. However, the change in slope is much smaller for the LPFs than for the NLPFs, which suggests a more uniform distribution of large ice hydrometeors at high altitudes, probably as a result of the stronger updrafts within the LPFs. The microphysical structures of the LPFs show great regional differences among the four regions of China, which is characterized by the low concentration of large-sized rain hydrometeors over Northeast China, and a high concentration of small-sized rain hydrometeors near the surface over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T09:18:36Z","timestamp":1669799916000},"page":"6072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Regional Variability in Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitation Features with Lightning across China: Observations from GPM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fengjiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210041, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Shouxian National Climatology Observatory, Huaihe River Basin Typical Farm Eco-Meteorological Experiment Field of CMA, Shouxian 232200, China"}]},{"given":"Mingjian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210041, China"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210041, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-4055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Zhuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210041, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3998-9074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe Weather\/MOE and School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13213","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD11p13213","article-title":"The relationship between lightning type and convective state of thunderclouds","volume":"94","author":"Williams","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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