{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:13:39Z","timestamp":1775520819358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFE0202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0202101"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFE0202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0202103"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2020ZX3100039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZX3100039"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["62201048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201048"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["2018YFE0202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0202101"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["2018YFE0202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0202103"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["2020ZX3100039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZX3100039"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["62201048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201048"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFE0202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0202101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFE0202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0202103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020ZX3100039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZX3100039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of low, slow and small (LSS) targets, such as small drones, is a developing area of research in radar, wherein the presence of ground clutter can be quite challenging. LSS targets, because of their unusual flying mode, can be easily shadowed by ground clutter, leading to poor radar detection performance. In this study, we investigated the feasibility and performance of a ground clutter mitigation method combining slow-time multiple-input multiple-output (st-MIMO) waveforms and independent component analysis (ICA) in a ground-based MIMO radar focusing on LSS target detection. The modeling of ground clutter under the framework of st-MIMO was first defined. Combining the spatial and temporal steering vector of st-MIMO, a universal signal model including the target, ground clutter, and noise was established. The compliance of the signal model for conducting ICA to separate the target was analyzed. Based on this, a st-MIMO-ICA processing scheme was proposed to mitigate ground clutter. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified with simulation and experimental data collected from an S-band st-MIMO radar system with a desirable target output signal-to-clutter-plus-noise ratio (SCNR). This work can shed light on the use of ground clutter mitigation techniques for MIMO radar to tackle LSS targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T03:00:36Z","timestamp":1669950036000},"page":"6098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ground Clutter Mitigation for Slow-Time MIMO Radar Using Independent Component Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6547-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Le Kernec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quanhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.0020","article-title":"Review of radar classification and RCS characterisation techniques for small UAVs or drones","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navigat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C., Luo, G., Wang, Y., Chen, C., and Wu, Z. 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